Assessing the Ethnobotanical Uses, Harvesting Practices, and Conservation Awareness of Warburgia ugandensis in Northern Tanzania

Abstract

Warburgia ugandensis is unsustainably harvested commercially, threatening its survival and potentially leading to local extinction in its native range areas in Northern Tanzania. Our study aimed to assess the extent of harvesting of W. ugandensis in Northern Tanzania, ethno-botanical uses, community perceptions of species utilization, and conservation measures across its native range in Northern Tanzania. From each of the 128 randomly selected grids, we laid down a sampling plot measuring 100 m × 100 m (1 ha) for the identification, and collection of data on the extent of harvesting of W. ugandensis. Additionally, we interviewed 221 respondents using open-ended questionnaires to gather data on ethno-botanical uses, perceptions of product utilization, and conservation measures. We analyzed the data using descriptive statistics and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Our findings reveal significant variation in the extent of harvesting, with Mt. Ketumbeine experiencing the most severe harvesting while Mt. Kilimanjaro holds the highest number of intact trees. Community knowledge of the medicinal uses of W. ugandensis was highest in Mt. Kilimanjaro, particularly for treating gastrointestinal disorders, coughs, and malaria. Perceptions of species utilization were very high in Mt. Gelai and Mt. Monduli, while Mt. Kilimanjaro, Ketumbeine, and Longido showed more variability. Awareness of W. ugandensis conservation measures was high in Mt. Kilimanjaro, compared to the rest of the species’ native range areas. Therefore, our study findings underscore the urgent need for targeted conservation initiatives, particularly in regions like Mt. Ketumbeine and Mt. Longido, where W. ugandensis faces the severe extent of harvesting.