A multi-scale approach for integrating species distribution models with landscape connectivity to identify critical linkage zones for African savanna elephants (Loxodonta africana)
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Date
2025-05-27
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
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Publisher
Elsevier
Abstract
The populations of African savanna elephants have declined by an estimated 60 % since the 1970s, which can be
attributed to a mixture of poaching and habitat loss. Human activities and environmental changes have caused
unprecedented loss and fragmentation of elephant natural habitats, resulting in the isolation of elephant pop-
ulations. Preserving habitat connectivity is thus increasingly important to conserve remaining elephants’ pop-
ulations and maintain ecological functions. A major challenge in large-scale connectivity modeling is data
availability constraints. To tackle this issue, we developed an integrated modeling approach that leverages
multiple, publicly available occurrence datasets, which vary in format and quality, with a multi-scale SDM to
estimate spatial suitability of African savanna elephants. Two SDMs, based on polygon-based observations and
presence-only occurrences, were separately calibrated using the Isolation Forest algorithm and then ensembled
using Bayes fusion. Particularly, we included multiple landscape metrics derived from a high-resolution (~5 m)
land cover map as environmental predictors in the SDMs to characterize the landscape structure influencing
elephant movement. The resulting environmental suitability was then used to map landscape connectivity
through circuit theory, implemented in Circuitscape. Using species distribution modeling (SDM) and graph-based
landscape connectivity modeling, we aimed to understand population connectivity and target vital corridors
across Tanzania, one of the most important elephant range states. Shapley value-based variable analysis in SDM
revealed that human modifications strongly influence elephant distribution at broad scales, while habitat frag-
mentation and connectivity impact their activities. Connectivity results further highlighted that both long- and
short-distance connectivity are currently facing significant threats from intensive human activities (e.g., agri-
culture) in Tanzania and identified critical linkage zones that should be targeted for connectivity conservation
efforts.
Sustainable Development Goals
SDG - 15: Life on Land
Keywords
Data integration, Shapley values, African elephant database, GBIF, Landscape metrics, Human-wildlife conflict