Prevalence of subpatent Plasmodium falciparum infections in regions with varying transmission intensities and implications for malaria elimination in Mainland Tanzania
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Date
2025-03-26
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
PMC PubMed Central
Abstract
Background Subpatent Plasmodium falciparum infections, defined as infections with parasite density
below the detection limit of routine malaria diagnostic tests, contribute to infectious reservoirs, sustain transmission,
and cause the failure of elimination strategies in target areas. This study assessed the prevalence of subpatent P. falci
parum infections and associated risk factors in 14 regions of Mainland Tanzania.
Methods The study used samples randomly selected from RDT‑negative dried blood spots (DBS) (n = 2685/10,101)
collected in 2021 at 100 health facilities across 10 regions of Mainland Tanzania, and four communities in four addi
tional regions. The regions were selected from four transmission strata; high (five regions), moderate (three regions),
low (three regions), and very low (three regions). DNA was extracted by Tween‑Chelex method, and the Pf18S rRNA
gene was amplified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Logistic regression analysis was used to assess
the associations between age groups, sex, fever status, and transmission strata with subpatent infection status,
while linear regression analysis was used to assess the association between these factors and subpatent parasite
density.
Results Of the selected samples, 525/2685 (19.6%) were positive by qPCR for P. falciparum, and the positivity rates
varied across different regions. Under‑fives (aOR: 1.4, 95% CI 1.04–1.88; p < 0.05) from health facilities had higher odds
of subpatent infections compared to other groups, while those from community surveys (aOR: 0.33, 95% CI 0.15–0.72;
p = 0.005) had lower odds. Participants from very low transmission stratum had significantly lower odds of subpatent
infection compared to those from high transmission stratum (aOR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.37–0.78; p < 0.01). The log‑trans
formed median parasite density (interquartile range) was 6.9 (5.8–8.5) parasites/µL, with significantly higher parasitae
mia in the low transmission stratum compared to a very low one (11.4 vs 7.0 parasites/µL, p < 0.001).
Conclusion Even in very low transmission settings, the prevalence of subpatent infections was 13%, and in low trans
mission settings it was even higher at 29.4%, suggesting a substantial reservoir that is likely to perpetuate transmis
sion but can be missed by routine malaria case management strategies. Thus, control and elimination programmes
may benefit from adoption of more sensitive detection methods to ensure that a higher proportion of subpatent
infections are detected.
Sustainable Development Goals
This research article was published in the journal of Malaria Journal, 2025
Keywords
Subpatent infections, Plasmodium falciparum, Rapid diagnostic tests, qPCR, Malaria