Browsing by Author "Sindiyo, Emmanuel"

Now showing 1 - 4 of 4

Antimicrobial resistant coliforms across four poultry production systems in Arusha and Moshi, Tanzania
(Pan African Medical Journal, 2022-01-11) Maganga, Ruth; Sindiyo, Emmanuel; Musyoki, Victor; Shirima, Gabriel; Maina, Brian; Mmbaga, Blandina
Introduction: resistance to antimicrobials poses a threat to human and animal health. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of resistant coliforms in poultry cloacal samples collected from different poultry systems in Arusha and Moshi districts, Tanzania. Methods: ten administrative wards were randomly chosen in Moshi and Arusha urban districts, with a random selection of one representative farm in each ward per production system (extensive, semi-intensive, intensive, and broiler systems). Per farm, 10 chickens were sampled using cloacal swabs. Samples were tested for the presence of coliforms using MacConkey agar without or with tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, and Imipenem. R software was used for data analysis. Results: of the 80 farms targeted, samples were collected from 79 farms representing a total of 746 samples, of which 648 (86.8%) had coliforms corresponding to 74 of the 79 sampled farms. There was no significant difference in the overall prevalence of coliforms between Moshi (86%) and Arusha districts (87%) (p=0.81). The overall proportions of resistant coliforms in Arusha and Moshi varied depending on each antimicrobial type. The prevalence of coliforms resistant to tetracycline (95%) across all farm types in both districts was higher compared to ciprofloxacin (72%), imipenem (71%), and ceftazidime (84%) (p<0.0001). The median counts of coliform resistance (in log cfu) ranged from 4 to 10, with no significant distinctions between antimicrobial types. Conclusion: there is a widespread presence of antimicrobial resistant coliforms in poultry production systems. High tetracycline resistance was observed across all farm types in both districts.
Assessment of risk factors and prevalence of campylobacter and salmonella in chickens under different production systems
(NM-AIST, 2019-01) Sindiyo, Emmanuel
The human population growth and increased urbanization in Tanzania, stimulates emerging of new livestock systems with variable intensification levels. In poultry production, traditional free-range backyard farming is now complemented by a range of intensive production systems. Intensification of poultry production may result in opportunities and threats with regards to food safety, e.g. in contamination of poultry with food borne pathogens such as Campylobacter species or non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) species. The aim was to conduct cross sectional study across ten wards of Arusha district, northern Tanzania to assess risk factors and prevalence of these pathogens in emerging poultry production systems. Semi-quantitative analysis of chicken production systems with emphasis on biosecurity, health management practices and prevalence of food borne pathogens was done from September 2016 to January 2017. Interviews were conducted with 40 farmers, with equal representation of 4 production systems, 255 and 386 birds were screened for cloacae shedding of Campylobacter and NTS species respectively. Farm level prevalence of Campylobacter and NTS species was 57.7% (15/26) and 15% (6/40), respectively. Differences were observed between farms with regards to implementation of biosecurity and health management practices as well as use of extension services. By contrast, prevalence of food borne pathogens was not farm-type specific, indicating that it is driven by other risk factors. Moreover, Multiple Component Analysis showed that risk factors associated with Campylobacter prevalence differ from those associated with Salmonella. Results can be used to inform on-farm food safety practices and the use of extension services, from all stake holders.
Comparative analysis of clinical breakpoints, normalized resistance interpretation and epidemiological cut-offs in interpreting antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolates originating from poultry in different farm types in Tanzania
(Microbiology Society, 2014-07-14) Maganga, Ruth; Sindiyo, Emmanuel; Musyoki, Victor; Shirima, Gabriel; Mmbaga, Blandina
Introduction. Existing breakpoint guidelines are not optimal for interpreting antimicrobial resistance (AMR) data from animal studies and low-income countries, and therefore their utility for analysing such data is limited. There is a need to integrate diverse data sets, such as those from low-income populations and animals, to improve data interpretation. Gap statement. There is very limited research on the relative merits of clinical breakpoints, epidemiological cut-offs (ECOFFs) and normalized resistance interpretation (NRI) breakpoints in interpreting microbiological data, particularly in animal studies and studies from low-income countries. Aim. The aim of this study was to compare antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolates using ECOFFs, CLSI and NRI breakpoints. Methodology. A total of 59 non-repetitive poultry isolates were selected for investigation based on lactose fermentation on MacConkey agar and subsequent identification and confirmation as E. coli using chromogenic agar and uidA PCR. Kirby Bauer disc diffusion was used for susceptibility testing. For each antimicrobial agent, inhibition zone diameters were measured, and ECOFFs, CLSI and NRI bespoke breakpoints were used for resistance interpretation. Results. According to the interpretation of all breakpoints except ECOFFs, tetracycline resistance was significantly higher (TET) (67.8 –69.5 %), than those for ciprofloxacin (CIPRO) (18.6 –32.2 %), imipenem (IMI) (3.4 –35 %) and ceftazidime (CEF) (1.7 –45.8 %). Prevalence estimates of AMR using CLSI and NRI bespoke breakpoints did not differ for CEF (1.7 % CB and 1.7 % COWT ), IMI (3.4 % CB and 4.0 % COWT ) and TET (67.8 % CB and 69.5 % COWT ). However, with ECOFFs, AMR estimates for CEF, IMI and CIP were sig- nificantly higher (45.8, 35.6 and 64.4 %, respectively; P<0.05). Across all the three breakpoints, resistance to ciprofloxacin varied significantly (32.2 % CB, 64.4 % ECOFFs and 18.6 % COWT , P<0.05). Conclusion. AMR interpretation is influenced by the breakpoint used, necessitating further standardization, especially for microbiological breakpoints, in order to harmonize outputs. The AMR ECOFF estimates in the present study were significantly higher compared to CLSI and NRI.
Food Safety, Health Management, and Biosecurity Characteristics of Poultry Farms in Arusha City, Northern Tanzania, Along a Gradient of Intensification
(East African Health Research Commission, 2018) Sindiyo, Emmanuel; Maganga, Ruth; Thomas, Kate; Benschop, Jackie; Benschop, Jackie; Swai, Emmanuel; Shirima, Gabriel; Zadoks, Ruth
Background: With the growth, urbanisation, and changing consumption patterns of Tanzania’s human population, new livestock production systems are emerging. Intensification of poultry production may result in opportunities and threats for food safety, such as improved awareness of biosecurity or increasing prevalence of foodborne pathogens including non- typhoidal Salmonella or Campylobacter spp. We conducted a semiquantitative analysis of poultry production systems in northern Tanzania, with emphasis on biosecurity, health management practices, and prevalence of foodborne pathogens, to gain insight into potential associations between intensification and food safety. Methods: Interviews were conducted with managers of 40 poultry farms, with equal representation of 4 production sys- tems (extensive, semi-intensive, or intensive production with indigenous chickens, and broiler farming). Per farm, up to 10 birds (total, 386) were tested for cloacal shedding of nontyphoidal Salmonella, with a subset of farms tested for Campylobacter. Data were analysed using univariate statistics, and results were discussed during feedback workshops with participating farmers and extension officers. Results: Clear differences existed between farm types with regard to implementation of biosecurity and health manage- ment practices and use of extension services. By contrast, prevalence of foodborne pathogens (6 of 40 farms or 15% for nontyphoidal Salmonella and 13 of 26 farms or 50% for Campylobacter spp.) was not farm-type specific, indicating that it is driven by other factors. Across farming systems, knowledge and awareness of the presence of antimicrobials in poul- try feed and the need to abide by post-treatment withdrawal times were limited, as was access to impartial professional advice regarding treatment. Conclusion: Different control measures may be needed to protect poultry health compared to public health, and improvements in information provision may be needed for both.