Browsing by Author "Philipo, Mashamba"

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Advances and trends in ecological organic agriculture (EOA) technologies and research on fruit vegetables produced in Tanzania
(CABI, 2022-07-15) Shango, Abdul; Maswi, Philip; Malya, Rashid; Maro, Janet; Mwaipopo, Rehema; Majubwa, Ramadhani; Kilewa, Ramadhan; Philipo, Mashamba
Ecological organic agriculture (EOA) is a holistic production management system that can solve many problems in the vegetable crops’ value chain (VC). It is, however, unclear about the EOA technologies for the fruit vegetable VC that have already been validated or are in process of validation in Tanzania. A systematic literature search on EOA technologies relevant in Tanzania was conducted for research articles from 2010 until 2021. Most 10(30.4%) studies on fruit vegetables were equally distributed each 5(15.2%) in the years 2019 and 2020, respectively. A total of 33 records on fruit vegetables covered eight (8) regions of mainland Tanzania and one (1) region from the island of Zanzibar. Most 18(55%) studies were conducted in the Morogoro region. Based on the fruit vegetable VC, 26(68.4%) studies were for field establishment and management. Nine (9) key areas were identified, where most 9(27.3%) studies were on crop productivity and protection. Seventeen (17) EOA technologies were applied in fruit vegetables, mostly biocontrol 7(21%) in tomatoes. Overall, 27(81.8%) studies only researched the EOA technologies, while 3(9.1%) studies validated the EOA technologies, 2(6.1%) researches were in progress, and 1(3.0%) was progressing validation. Few 3(9.1%) studies portrayed the involvement of youth and women using the principles of participatory action research (PAR) during the validation. Generally, the EOA technologies are readily available, require minimal skills and labour, are cost-effective, sustainable, easily implementable in the fruit vegetable VC and can be simply accessed and utilized in cultivating organic fruit vegetables.
Aflatoxin production mechanisms and management in the maize cropping systems of sub-Saharan Africa
(CABI Digital Library, 2025-10-21) Kwigizile, Owekisha; Mng’ong’o, Marco; Mushongi, Arnold; Philipo, Mashamba; Mbega, Ernest
In sub-Saharan African countries, the maize crop is a major staple food crop, providing up to 70% of the population’s total caloric intake. Aflatoxins, toxic secondary metabolites primarily produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, pose significant threats to food safety, public health, and agricultural economies in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where maize is a staple crop. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the mechanisms of aflatoxin production and its management within maize cropping systems of SSA. The occurrence and severity of aflatoxin contamination are influenced by multiple factors, including high temperatures, drought stress, insect damage, poor post-harvest handling, and inadequate storage conditions. Maize has been linked to being contaminated by roughly eighteen (18) different forms of aflatoxins, which are severely poisonous, and contribute to public health issues. The review explores the biological and environmental triggers of aflatoxin biosynthesis, highlighting molecular pathways and fungal-host interactions. Additionally, it evaluates integrated management strategies encompassing host resistance, good agricultural practices, biocontrol agents (such as Aflasafe), proper harvesting, drying, and storage techniques. Socio-economic and institutional barriers to effective aflatoxin control are also discussed, along with policy and research recommendations. The review also emphasizes on the necessity to apply novel and existing techniques to prevent aflatoxin. The study featured the need for a multidisciplinary and region-specific approach to sustainably mitigate aflatoxin risks in SSA. Best bet recommendations are provided given different levels of scenarios at the farmer, farm plot, maize farming systems, and eventually the nodes across the entire maize value chain.
AMMI and GGE biplot analysis of maize genotypes for seed yield across different maize growing location in Tanzania
(Cogent, 2024-12-18) Mwendo, Marco; Mbega, Ernest; Ndunguru, Joseph; Philipo, Mashamba
Twenty maize genotypes including breeding lines along with improved local released varieties were assessed for grain yield and yield component stability under three different maize growing agro-ecological zones from January to August 2023. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replication was employed. additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype-by-environment interaction (GGE) analysis was utilized to study the genotype and environment (GE) interactions. The combined analysis of variance showed a significant difference (p ≤ 0.001) in grain yield traits between maize genotypes, environments, interactions and IPC components. The average mean grain yield ranged from 3244 to 5103 kg/ha with a grand mean of 4111 kg/ha The maximum and minimum grain yield was 12325.93 kg/ha (G4) and 1159.68 kg/ha (G9) respectively. The biplot results showed genotype G20, G3, G1, G17 and G15 demonstrated consistently high stable grain yield performance. Genotypes G14, G19 and G4 had high yields, but were unstable as they were far from the IPC1 zero line. Multi-trait stability value indicated that the best genotypes in performance for all traits were G5, G17 and G19. AMMI analysis revealed that the environment at Kibaigwa and NM-AIST was the most ideal environment for seed yield traits. Based on the consistently high and stable grain yield performance, along with other superior grain qualities and plant characteristics, genotypes G5 and G17 were selected and recommended to be advanced and released as new commercial maize varieties in Tanzania for wider cultivation by farmers together with G19, a commercially released variety in Tanzania.
Consumer traits of common beans: a global and regional perspective on seed coat darkening, cooking time, protein, and mineral content
(Frontiers Media SA., 2025-09-26) Mbiu, Julius; Assefa, Teshale; Mukankusi, Clare; Rubyogo, Jean; Philipo, Mashamba
Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are a cornerstone of global nutrition, offering a sustainable source of protein, micronutrients, and bioactive compounds. This review synthesizes current research on critical consumer traits—seed coat darkening, cooking time, protein, and mineral content—highlighting their genetic, biochemical, and environmental determinants. Seed coat darkening, driven by proanthocyanidin oxidation and regulated by genes like J, sd, and Psd, significantly impacts marketability, while cooking time variations (19–271 min across genotypes) influence regional preferences and nutritional outcomes. Biofortification and low-phytic acid (lpa) breeding strategies enhance mineral bioavailability, addressing deficiencies in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Regional disparities in consumer preferences, such as the demand for fast-cooking yellow beans in East Africa, underscore the need for tailored breeding programs. Climate change poses challenges to yield and nutrient retention, necessitating climate-resilient varieties. This review proposes integrating genomics, marker-assisted selection, and postharvest innovations, for developing beans that align with consumer needs, cultural practices, and sustainability goals. This is the first synthesis linking seed coat biochemistry to regional preferences.
Effects of Tephrosia vogelii and rabbit urine formulation on insect pests and yields of cowpea Singida, Tanzania
(INNSPUB, 2022-09-20) Matle, Agricola; Kusolwa, Paul; Philipo, Mashamba; Mbega, Ernest
An experiment was conducted at Jineri village, Singida rural to evaluate the effects of 10%(w/v) Tephrosia vogelii (T) and 50%(v/v) rabbit urine (U) on insect pests and yield of cowpea in Singida Tanzania from February 2021 to June 2021. The T and U treatments were mixed in 10% (v/v) sunflower oil, and sterile water and synthetic pesticide (karate 2.5EC) were used as negative and positive control respectively. The experiment was laid down in a complete randomized block design (CRBD) with three replications. The results indicated that there was significant difference (P≤0.001) on insect pest counts between plots sprayed with different treatments. The plots treated with positive control exhibited smaller mean number (4, 7 and 5) followed by OUT formulation (11, 8 and 4) for aphid, leaf miner, and pod borer respectively, at flowering stage, i.e., seventh week after germination. Plots sprayed with sterile distilled water had higher mean numbers of insect pests (25, 20 and 12) for aphid, leaf miner and pod borer respectively, compared with other treatments at flowering stage. The resilts indicate that the OUT formulation improved yield to a degree comparable with that of positive control, as evidenced from their close grain yield values of 794 kg/ha and 846 kg/ha respectively, which are both significantly higher than 483 kg/ha of negative control. Based on the results, the OUT-formulation is recommended for managing cowpea pests in the field.
Environmental and genotypes influence on seed iron and zinc levels of landraces and improved varieties of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Tanzania
(Elsevier, 2020-05) Philipo, Mashamba; Ndakidemi, Patrick; Mbega, Ernest
Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean) is a grain legume rich in proteins and micronutrients particularly iron and zinc. This study determined the concentration of iron and zinc in 99 common bean genotypes (landraces and cultivars) grown in Tanzania. The bean genotypes were planted in three different agro-ecologies in Tanzania following alpha lattice design with 3 replications each with five blocks of 20 plots. Adaptability and stability of common bean genotypes on seed iron and zinc contents were assessed using the additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis, genotype stability index (GSI) and genotype main effect plus genotype-by-environment interaction (GGE). Highly significant effects of bean genotypes, environments, and genotype by environment interaction were observed for both seed iron and zinc contents. The AMMI analysis of variance showed that genotype contributed 69.5% of the total sum of squares for seed iron and 28.6% of seed zinc contents. Environmental effects contributed 1.7% and 39.7% of the total sum of squares for seed iron and zinc contents respectively. Genotype by environment interaction effects contributed 26.3% and 28.6% of the total sum of squares for seed iron and zinc contents respectively. Among individual weather and soil parameters of the experimental sites, total rainfall, soil available phosphorus, iron, silt %, and exchangeable potassium positively significantly influenced the contents of seed iron, while temperature, total soil nitrogen, and manganese influenced negatively and significantly seed iron contents. Twelve most high and stable seed iron-containing bean genotypes identified by both GSI and GGE, includes SMC 18, Selian 94, Urafiki, Kyakaragwe, CODMLB 033, Kikobe, Malirahinda, ACC 714, Jabeyila, Mwamikola, Kasukari and Wifi nygela. These bean genotypes can be used for iron biofortification and or further tested for seed iron contents and other agronomic traits in more bean growing environments involving farmers and seed certifying institutes for release as varieties.
Environmentally stable common bean genotypes for production in different agro-ecological zones of Tanzania
(Heliyon, 2021-01-19) Philipo, Mashamba; Ndakidemi, Patrick; Mbega, Ernest
enotype by environment interaction (GxE) complicates the process of selecting genotypes suitable for quanti tative traits like seed yield in beans, hence slows down the development and release of varieties by breeding programs. GxE study on seed yield in beans enables identification of stable genotypes across sites and best site(s) for discriminating the tested genotypes in terms of seed yield. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the environment, genotype, and genotype by environment interaction on seed yield stability and adaptability of common bean landraces, lines, and improved varieties across three different agro-ecologies in Tanzania. The 99 common bean genotypes (Landraces, lines, and improved varieties) were planted following alpha lattice design in three replications each contained five blocks with 20 plots. Soil properties from the experimental sites, days to 75% flowering, Seed yield, 100 seed weight, number of seeds/pod, and number of pods/plant were recorded. Data on seed yield and its components were analyzed using Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI), genotype main effects plus genotype environment interaction (GGE), and yield stability index (YSI). The AMMI revealed very highly significant (P 0.001) effects of genotypes, envi ronmental, and genotype environment interaction on all the traits. AMMI analysis revealed that genotype main effects accounted for 39.3% of the total sum square of seed yield, whereas the environment and genotype environmental interaction accounted for 31.4% and 26.8 % respectively. Genotype main effects largely influenced the variation in days to 75% flowering (55.5%), number of pods/plant (49.2%), number of seeds/pod (73.3%), and 100 seed weight (71.2%). Among soil properties recorded, available soil phosphorus, soil pH, soil exchangeable K, Ca, and Na had a strong positive association with common bean seed yield, while soil organic carbon and total nitrogen exhibited a strong negative association with seed yield. GGE revealed that E1 (TARI Selian) was the most discriminative and representative site for common bean genotypes seed yield. Based on the yield stability index, the most stable and high seed yielding genotypes were ACC 714, Selian 14, Selian 9, Katuku, and Msolini. The identified high seed yielding and stable genotypes can be further tested in participatory variety selection involving farmers and later on released as varieties and can also be used for different breeding purposes in different agro-ecologies of Tanzania.
Heritability and relationship between drought tolerance traits and yield in groundnuts (arachis hypogaea l.) under different watering regimes
(Asian J Agri Biol,, 2016) Philipo, Mashamba; Mollay, Clara; Nchimbi-Msolla, Susan
Improvement of groundnuts for drought tolerance could increase production in drought prone areas.This study aimed at determining the heritability estimates and relationship of HI and SCMR with yield and yield components using 30 groundnut genotypes planted under different watering regimes, so as to speed up the selection and breeding of groundnut genotypes tolerant to drought. A completely randomized design arranged in a split plot experiment with four replications was conducted in screen house in Morogoro, Tanzania. Data collection was done on plant height, number of pod/plant and pod yield/plant. Drought tolerant traits measured included, harvest index (HI), SCMR at 40, 60 and 80 DAS. Broad-sense heritability was calculated for HI, pod yield, number of pod/plant and SCMR. Results showed that number of pods/plant, SCMR at 60 DAS and HI were significantly related to pod yield in all watering condition. Heritability of the traits ranged from 0.22 to 0.59 with HI having highest value and number of pods lowest in WW while in WS condition heritability was generally lower from 0.04 to 0.45. Due to SCMR at 60 DAS, number of pods/plant and HI having moderate heritability and significant correlation with pod yield under water stress condition, these could be useful criteria in drought tolerance selection.
Importance of common bean genetic zinc biofortification in alleviating human zinc deficiency in sub-Saharan Africa
(Taylor & Francis Online, 2021-04-04) Philipo, Mashamba; Ndakidemi, Patrick A.; Mbega, Ernest
Zinc deficiency is among the leading risks to human health in sub-Saharan Africa, its adverse exposure leads to diarrhea, pneumonia, and malaria. Furthermore, it is the leading cause of stunting in children and negatively influences the human immune system, body iron, and vitamin A and D. High zinc deficiency in sub-Saharan Africa is due to the consumption of staple foods with low zinc contents. Genetic zinc biofortification of common bean among staple food crops is the best approach for alleviating zinc deficiency, as it is cost-effective and can easily reach low-income households. Genetic zinc biofortification by conventional breeding coupled with marker-assisted selection is the best strategy for sub-Saharan Africa, as the selection of crosses is precise and takes short time to develop high zinc-containing varieties. Zinc content increase in common bean seeds has a high impact on alleviating zinc deficiency as it is consumed whole compared to cereal grains which undergo milling, the process that removes zinc-rich parts before being consumed. This review explains the current status of zinc deficiency in sub-Saharan Africa, conventional methods for alleviating the problem, current and potential of modern genetic approaches for zinc biofortification of common bean in alleviating zinc deficiency in the region.
Iron and zinc genetic biofortification of yellow common bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.) genotypes in Tanzania
(NM-AIST, 2021-11) Philipo, Mashamba
Iron and zinc deficiencies are the global leading micronutrient deficiencies particularly in developing countries such as Tanzania. Iron deficiency in humans causes anemia, whereas zinc deficiency leads to compromised immunity, decreased growth rate, and mental retardation. This study was conducted in the Northern, Eastern, and Southern Highlands of Tanzania from 2018 to 2020 to address the iron and zinc deficiencies in humans using genetic biofortification. The approach involved screening common bean genotypes for iron and zinc contents and the factors (such as phytic acid, and ferritin) that inhibit and or enhance their availability in the human gut. The genotypes with high seed iron and zinc contents were used in the genetic biofortification of the consumers’ preferred yellow bean varieties. Field experiments (involving 99 common bean genotypes) were conducted at TARI-Selian, SUA, and TARI-Uyole to screen common bean genotypes for seed minerals and yield. The genotypes were planted following alpha lattice design in three replications each contained five blocks with 20 plots. Data were recorded for days to 75% flowering, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, 100 seed weight, and seed yield. Furthermore, the contents of seed iron, zinc, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, ferritin, phytic acid, and phytic acid to mineral molar ratios were determined. Results showed that there were highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) effects between bean genotypes, environments, and genotype by environment interaction on seed yield, yield related traits, seed iron, and zinc contents. The highest and stable bean genotypes for seed iron and zinc contents and seed yield were identified. High phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and low phytic acid and phytic acid to mineral molar ratio bean genotypes were also identified. Furthermore, the study developed F2 bean crosses with a 12.5 - 146.4 % increase in seed iron content and a 1.0 - 53.1 % increase in zinc content. Seventeen of the developed F2 crosses had a high seed iron content ≥ 70 mg/kg and seed zinc content ≥ 30 mg/kg, these include BF01, BF04. BF05, BF06, BF08, BF10, BF13, BF16, BF22, BF24, BF25, BF27, BF29, BF31, BF32, BF33, and BF35.
Multilocation dataset on seed Fe and Zn contents of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes grown in Tanzania
(Elsevier, 2020-05-07) Philipo, Mashamba; Ndakidemi, Patrick; Mbega, Ernest
There are over a hundred genotypes of Phaseolus vulgaris L. grown and consumed in Tanzania. Currently, identification of bean genotypes containing high seed iron and zinc contents has been the focus globally for common bean iron and zinc biofortification. Diversity in seed iron and zinc contents were investigated in 99 bean genotypes grown in Tanzania to identify high seed iron and zinc-containing genotypes for use in iron and zinc biofortification. Flour obtained by grinding seeds of each bean genotypes was used in the determination of iron and zinc concentrations. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine significant differences among common bean genotypes in terms of seed iron and zinc contents. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype plus genotype by environment interaction (GGE) were conducted to determine stability and adaptation across sites (TARI-Selian, SUA, and TARI-Uyole) of bean genotypes in terms of seed iron and zinc contents. Data in this data article show that some landraces had high seed iron and zinc contents compared to release varieties thus can be used for iron and zinc genetic biofortification in common beans breeding programs. For more explanation of the data presented in this data article, please follow the related research article “Environmental and genotypes influence on seed iron and zinc levels of landraces and improved varieties of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Tanzania” [1]
Optimization of goat manure against use of N-Minjingu Nafaka Plus fertilizer for improved lablab growth and yield in semi - arid areas of Northern Tanzania
(Elsevier, 2023-12) Mhagama, Barnaba; Philipo, Mashamba; Mbega, Ernest
The study was conducted in Northern Tanzania from the 2022–2023 cropping seasons to develop a cropping model that farmers can use to improve their lablab production. The field experiments were conducted at the Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute, Selian station and was laid down in a Split Plot Designs with main factor being tillage system and sub-factor being fertilizer type (Goat manure and Minjingu Nafaka Plus). The trials consisted of three treatments (goat manure, Minjingu Nafaka Plus and the control-no fertilizer) replicated thrice. There were significant differences (p=<0.001) among the number of pods per plant, plant height and lablab grain yield. The highest grain yield (3952 g and 3933 g) with net benefit of (1,290,210Tshs and 1,249,175Tshs) was recorded in a plot treated with (Minjingu Nafaka Plus) fertilizer in Conventional and Zero tillage system compared with (Goat manure) which had (3944 g and 3928 g) with net benefit of (1,306,710Tshs and 1,292,675Tshs) in Conventional and Zero tillage practices. Conclusively, the study revealed that there were high net benefits under zero tillage compared to conventional tillage based on input-output costs analysis at both TARI - Selian and Saweni sites. Zero tillage was more economically viable than conventional tillage practices as becomes more friendly for the resource-constrained farmers in increasing their potential yield.
Prevalence of aflatoxigenic fungi and contamination in soils and maize grains from aflatoxin-hot spot areas in Tanzania
(Elsevier, 2024-11-01) Kwigizile, Owekisha; Mbega, Ernest; Mushongi, Arnold; Philipo, Mashamba
Maize is a major food security crop contributing over 50 % of total food requirement in Tanzania. However, number of factors limit its production and quality. Aflatoxins contamination mostly produced by two Aspergillus species, A. flavus and A. parasticus compromise food safety, public health and economic concern globally. Despite its harmful effects little is documented on the aflatoxin- producing fungi on prevalence’s and contamination levels in soils and maize. The present study investigated Aflatoxigenic occurrence and aflatoxins contamination extents in seven districts. A total of 126 soil and 126 maize samples were collected and analyzed for presence, dominance, and levels of aflatoxin contaminations. Serial dilution and direct plating techniques were used for fungal isolation from soil and maize respectively and macro morphology characterization were used for identification. Aflatoxin levels were detected by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. A. flavus (38.1 %), A. parasiticus (22.2 %) and A. niger (16.7 %) were found to be the most dominant linked to aflatoxins B1 contamination. Total Aflatoxins were detected in Bahi (72.2 %, with mean of 87.9 μg/kg), Chemba (61.2 %, 74.2 μg/kg), and Babati (56.3 %, 65.8 μg/kg) indicating these were more prone to aflatoxins and higher aflatoxigenic prevalence. Aflatoxin B1 was detected most in Bahi (22.4 %, 402.4 μg/kg), Chemba (13.4 %, 241 μg/kg), and Babati (11.1 %, 199.2 μg/kg). Fungal counts ranged 3.4 ×105 to 6.9 ×107 CFU/g for contaminated samples. Aflatoxigenic species varied significantly (P<0.001) between cropping systems and the locations. Aflatoxigenic occurrence and levels were shown to be influenced by the cropping systems, as evidenced by the soils exhibiting a higher frequency than maize grains. Compared to mixed cropping, the mono-cropping system exhibited the greatest levels of aflatoxigenic population and aflatoxin contamination, indicating that farming practices affect contaminations and the need for improved cropping system practices.