Browsing by Author "Nyakyi, Christina"

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Assessment of public awareness on the effects of exposure to non-ionizing radiation sources in Tanzania
(2023-12-02) Nyakyi, Christina; Mpeshe, Saul; Dida, Mussa
Devices, equipment and facilities producing Non-Ionizing Radiation (NIR) are all around human environment. Exposure to NIR has effects to humans. Humans need to be aware of such effects as they are working with NIR sources and are working and living close to them. The objective of this research was to study public awareness on possible effects of exposure to NIR. The research was conducted in Mwanza, Dodoma and Dar es salaam regions in Tanzania. Through survey, respondents were approached and voluntarily requested to complete a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was employed in data analysis and frequencies were computed to determine the counts and their percentages, and Chi-Square test of independence determined the existence of significant relationship between awareness statements and demographic variables. The research involved 600 respondents (314 (52.3%) males, 286 (47.7%) females). Results show that most respondents were aware of the effects of exposure to NIR and females were more aware than males. Awareness did not differ across education levels and respondents with no/low education showed the same level of awareness as those with higher education. Based on age, respondents of all age groups demonstrated awareness of NIR effects. However, some practices like mobile phone use, watching TVs, conducting activities or living near NIR sources, are exposing people to NIR. To make people more aware of NIR exposure effects, it is recommended awareness campaigns and training be provided to the public; to minimize NIR exposure, policies, regulations and guidelines be enforced by regulatory bodies and be observed by organs owning sources producing NIR. The essence is to ensure cases of effects due to NIR exposure are minimized.
Assessment of public awareness on the effects of exposure to non-ionizing radiation sources in Tanzania
(ELSEVIER, 2023-12-02) Nyakyi, Christina; Mpeshe, Saul; Dida, Mussa
Devices, equipment and facilities producing Non-Ionizing Radiation (NIR) are all around human environment. Exposure to NIR has effects to humans. Humans need to be aware of such effects as they are working with NIR sources and are working and living close to them. The objective of this research was to study public awareness on possible effects of exposure to NIR. The research was conducted in Mwanza, Dodoma and Dar es salaam regions in Tanzania. Through survey, respondents were approached and voluntarily requested to complete a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was employed in data analysis and frequencies were computed to determine the counts and their percentages, and Chi-Square test of independence determined the existence of significant relationship between awareness statements and demographic variables. The research involved 600 respondents (314 (52.3%) males, 286 (47.7%) females). Results show that most respondents were aware of the effects of exposure to NIR and females were more aware than males. Awareness did not differ across education levels and respondents with no/low education showed the same level of awareness as those with higher education. Based on age, respondents of all age groups demonstrated awareness of NIR effects. However, some practices like mobile phone use, watching TVs, conducting activities or living near NIR sources, are exposing people to NIR. To make people more aware of NIR exposure effects, it is recommended awareness campaigns and training be provided to the public; to minimize NIR exposure, policies, regulations and guidelines be enforced by regulatory bodies and be observed by organs owning sources producing NIR. The essence is to ensure cases of effects due to NIR exposure are minimized.
Bandwidth Aware FEC Algorithms for Wireless Communication Systems
(IISTE, 2013) Mrutu, Salehe; Kalolo, Sadath; Byanyuma, Mastidia; Nyakyi, Christina; Sam, Anael
Forward Error Correction (FEC) codes used by receivers to correct transmission errors without retransmission add a considerable amount of redundant bits to data bits. The addition of redundant bits lowers the overall network throughput, thus increasing the demand for more required bandwidth. In this paper we investigate and discuss various techniques used in FEC and show their effects to data communication in terms of bandwidth utilization. Additionally we propose improvement of (2, 1, 2) Convolutional encoder to (3, 2, 3) encoder. The proposed improvements increase the code rate from 1/2 to 2/3 hence reducing error control information and increasing bit rate. The received codeword can be decoded by Soft-Output Viterbi Algorithm
Optimization of RF-EMF exposure to public in Tanzania using Artificial Neural Network and multi linear regression models
(Elsevier, 2025-04) Nyakyi, Christina; Mpeshe, Saul; Dida, Mussa
Technology development has triggered the demand for the use of radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). The growing demand for mobile communication, digital industrial evolutions and social services have forced service providers to expand the wireless network technology with additional installation of base stations. The increase in the use of RF-EMF for communication such as television (TV), radio, wireless services, internet and cellular communication have also increased the exposure levels of human to RF-EMF. However, exposure RF-EMF can have advance health effect to human and environmental radiation pollutions. RF - EMF exposure is higher in areas where people are highly concentrated such as hospitals, market places, schools, universities, colleges, shopping malls, than in any other region. Therefore, it is important to be concerned about the RF-EMF exposure to public in order to ensure that the exposure is under the allowable limits. In this study, power density values are measured at different locations in Dodoma, Dar es Salaam and Mwanza where the population density is too high, to examine their power density levels. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Multi Linear Regression (MLR) models are developed to estimate the total power density values of different locations from RF-EMF exposure sources. The results show that both models are significant with coefficient of determination R2 = 0.999 for MLR and R2 = 0.966 for ANN model. The results of these models show how the study are of significance and valuable for monitoring and evaluating, hence the optimization of exposure dose from RF-EMF sources is adhered.
Safety Zone Determination For Wireless Cellular Tower-A Case Study From Tanzania
(IJRET, 2013-09) Nyakyi, Christina; Mrutu, Salehe; Sam, Anael; Anatory, Justinian
Safety zone determination for wireless cellular towers has attracted attention from many researchers in the last decade. This is caused by the rapid growth of the wireless cellular industry which has led to the installation of towers even in the residential areas. There are many reports and ongoing researches regarding the biological and thermal effects of wireless cellular electromagnetic fields exposures to people. Cancer, hyperthermia, neural and behaviour effects of people exposed to these electromagnetic fields have been reported. This motivates the research to determine safety zones from wireless cellular towers to assure safety to those living in the vicinity of these towers. A model for safety zone determination is developed. The model takes the received power at the object, power transmitted by the transmitter and gain of the transmitter as inputs to determine the safe distance from the radiation of a wireless cellular transmitter. The power density received by the object and its geographical location from the radiation source are measured using the selective radiation meter. Transmitted power and the gain of the transmitter together with the height of the tower were obtained from the respective wireless cellular network operator. Based on the geographical location of the object, the distance from the radiation source was calculated using the haversine formula. These inputs are then used to determine the safety zone based on the standards and guidelines developed by WHO and ICNIRP.