Browsing by Author "Mpeshe, Saul"

Now showing 1 - 9 of 9

Assessment of public awareness on the effects of exposure to non-ionizing radiation sources in Tanzania
(ELSEVIER, 2023-12-02) Nyakyi, Christina; Mpeshe, Saul; Dida, Mussa
Devices, equipment and facilities producing Non-Ionizing Radiation (NIR) are all around human environment. Exposure to NIR has effects to humans. Humans need to be aware of such effects as they are working with NIR sources and are working and living close to them. The objective of this research was to study public awareness on possible effects of exposure to NIR. The research was conducted in Mwanza, Dodoma and Dar es salaam regions in Tanzania. Through survey, respondents were approached and voluntarily requested to complete a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was employed in data analysis and frequencies were computed to determine the counts and their percentages, and Chi-Square test of independence determined the existence of significant relationship between awareness statements and demographic variables. The research involved 600 respondents (314 (52.3%) males, 286 (47.7%) females). Results show that most respondents were aware of the effects of exposure to NIR and females were more aware than males. Awareness did not differ across education levels and respondents with no/low education showed the same level of awareness as those with higher education. Based on age, respondents of all age groups demonstrated awareness of NIR effects. However, some practices like mobile phone use, watching TVs, conducting activities or living near NIR sources, are exposing people to NIR. To make people more aware of NIR exposure effects, it is recommended awareness campaigns and training be provided to the public; to minimize NIR exposure, policies, regulations and guidelines be enforced by regulatory bodies and be observed by organs owning sources producing NIR. The essence is to ensure cases of effects due to NIR exposure are minimized.
Assessment of public awareness on the effects of exposure to non-ionizing radiation sources in Tanzania
(2023-12-02) Nyakyi, Christina; Mpeshe, Saul; Dida, Mussa
Devices, equipment and facilities producing Non-Ionizing Radiation (NIR) are all around human environment. Exposure to NIR has effects to humans. Humans need to be aware of such effects as they are working with NIR sources and are working and living close to them. The objective of this research was to study public awareness on possible effects of exposure to NIR. The research was conducted in Mwanza, Dodoma and Dar es salaam regions in Tanzania. Through survey, respondents were approached and voluntarily requested to complete a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was employed in data analysis and frequencies were computed to determine the counts and their percentages, and Chi-Square test of independence determined the existence of significant relationship between awareness statements and demographic variables. The research involved 600 respondents (314 (52.3%) males, 286 (47.7%) females). Results show that most respondents were aware of the effects of exposure to NIR and females were more aware than males. Awareness did not differ across education levels and respondents with no/low education showed the same level of awareness as those with higher education. Based on age, respondents of all age groups demonstrated awareness of NIR effects. However, some practices like mobile phone use, watching TVs, conducting activities or living near NIR sources, are exposing people to NIR. To make people more aware of NIR exposure effects, it is recommended awareness campaigns and training be provided to the public; to minimize NIR exposure, policies, regulations and guidelines be enforced by regulatory bodies and be observed by organs owning sources producing NIR. The essence is to ensure cases of effects due to NIR exposure are minimized.
Mathematical model for brucellosis transmission dynamics in livestock and human populations
(Communications in Mathematical Biology and Neuroscience, 2020-01-29) Nyerere, Nkuba; Luboobi, Livingstone; Mpeshe, Saul; Shirima, Gabriel
Brucellosis is a contagious zoonotic infection caused by bacteria of genus brucella which affects humans and animals. The disease is of veterinary importance, public health concern and economic significance in both developed and developing countries. It is transmitted through direct or indirect contact with infected animals or their contaminated products. In this paper we formulate and analyze a deterministic mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of brucellosis. The model formulated incorporates contaminated environment to human, infected livestock to human, and human to human modes of transmission. The impacts of human treatment in controlling the spread of brucellosis in the human population is investigated. Both analytical and numerical solutions reveal that prolonged human treatment has a significant impact in reducing the spread of Brucellosis in human population only while elimination of the disease in domestic ruminants has promising results to both human and ruminants. Thus, brucellosis control strategies should always focus on elimination of the disease in domestic ruminants
Mathematical model for the infectiology of brucellosis with some control strategies
(BISKA Bilisim Technology, 2019-12-25) Nyerere, Nkuba; Luboobi, Livingstone; Mpeshe, Saul; Shirima, Gabriel
Brucellosis is a neglected zoonotic infection caused by gram-negative bacteria of genus brucella. In this paper, a deterministic mathematical model for the infectiology of brucellosis with vaccination of ruminants, culling of seropositive animals through slaughter, and proper environmental hygiene and sanitation is formulated and analyzed. A positive invariant region of the formulated model is established using the Box Invariance method, the effective reproduction number, Re of the model is computed using the standard next generation approach. We prove that the brucellosis free equilibrium exists, locally and globally asymptotically stable if Re < 1 while the endemic equilibrium point exists, locally and globally asymptotically stable if Re > 1. Sensitivity analysis of the effective reproductive number shows that, natural mortality rate of ruminants, recruitment rate, ruminant to ruminant transmission rate, vaccination rate, and disease induced culling rate are the most sensitive parameters and should be targeted in designing of the control strategies for the disease. Numerical simulation is done to show the variations of each subpopulation with respect to the control parameters.
Modeling the Impact of Seasonal Weather Variations on the Infectiology of Brucellosis
(Hindawi, 2020-10-17) Nyerere, Nkuba; Luboobi, Livingstone; Mpeshe, Saul; Shirima, Gabriel
A deterministic mathematical model for brucellosis that incorporates seasonality on direct and indirect transmission parameters for domestic ruminants, wild animals, humans, and the environment was formulated and analyzed in this paper. Both analytical and numerical simulations are presented. From this study, the findings show that variations in seasonal weather have the great impact on the transmission dynamics of brucellosis in humans, livestock, and wild animals. Thus, in order for the disease to be controlled or eliminated, measures should be timely implemented upon the fluctuation in the transmission of the disease.
Optimal Control Strategies for the Infectiology of Brucellosis
(Hindawi, 2020-05-11) Nyerere, Nkuba; Luboobi, Livingstone; Mpeshe, Saul; Shirima, Gabriel
Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection caused by Gram-negative bacteria of genus Brucella. The disease is of public health, veterinary, and economic significance in most of the developed and developing countries. Direct contact between susceptible and infective animals or their contaminated products are the two major routes of the disease transmission. In this paper, we investigate the impacts of controls of livestock vaccination, gradual culling through slaughter of seropositive cattle and small ruminants, environmental hygiene and sanitation, and personal protection in humans on the transmission dynamics of Brucellosis. The necessary conditions for an optimal control problem are rigorously analyzed using Pontryagin’s maximum principle. The main ambition is to minimize the spread of brucellosis disease in the community as well as the costs of control strategies. Findings showed that the effective use of livestock vaccination, gradual culling through slaughter of seropositive cattle and small ruminants, environmental hygiene and sanitation, and personal protection in humans have a significant impact in minimizing the disease spread in livestock and human populations. Moreover, cost-effectiveness analysis of the controls showed that the combination of livestock vaccination, gradual culling through slaughter, environmental sanitation, and personal protection in humans has high impact and lower cost of prevention.
Optimal Control Strategies for the Infectiology of Brucellosis
(Hindawi, 2020-05-11) Nyerere, Nkuba; Luboobi, Livingstone; Mpeshe, Saul; Shirima, Gabriel
Brucellosis is a zoonotic infection caused by Gram-negative bacteria of genus Brucella. The disease is of public health, veterinary, and economic significance in most of the developed and developing countries. Direct contact between susceptible and infective animals or their contaminated products are the two major routes of the disease transmission. In this paper, we investigate the impacts of controls of livestock vaccination, gradual culling through slaughter of seropositive cattle and small ruminants, environmental hygiene and sanitation, and personal protection in humans on the transmission dynamics of Brucellosis. The necessary conditions for an optimal control problem are rigorously analyzed using Pontryagin’s maximum principle. The main ambition is to minimize the spread of brucellosis disease in the community as well as the costs of control strategies. Findings showed that the effective use of livestock vaccination, gradual culling through slaughter of seropositive cattle and small ruminants, environmental hygiene and sanitation, and personal protection in humans have a significant impact in minimizing the disease spread in livestock and human populations. Moreover, cost-effectiveness analysis of the controls showed that the combination of livestock vaccination, gradual culling through slaughter, environmental sanitation, and personal protection in humans has high impact and lower cost of prevention.
Optimization of RF-EMF exposure to public in Tanzania using Artificial Neural Network and multi linear regression models
(Elsevier, 2025-04) Nyakyi, Christina; Mpeshe, Saul; Dida, Mussa
Technology development has triggered the demand for the use of radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). The growing demand for mobile communication, digital industrial evolutions and social services have forced service providers to expand the wireless network technology with additional installation of base stations. The increase in the use of RF-EMF for communication such as television (TV), radio, wireless services, internet and cellular communication have also increased the exposure levels of human to RF-EMF. However, exposure RF-EMF can have advance health effect to human and environmental radiation pollutions. RF - EMF exposure is higher in areas where people are highly concentrated such as hospitals, market places, schools, universities, colleges, shopping malls, than in any other region. Therefore, it is important to be concerned about the RF-EMF exposure to public in order to ensure that the exposure is under the allowable limits. In this study, power density values are measured at different locations in Dodoma, Dar es Salaam and Mwanza where the population density is too high, to examine their power density levels. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Multi Linear Regression (MLR) models are developed to estimate the total power density values of different locations from RF-EMF exposure sources. The results show that both models are significant with coefficient of determination R2 = 0.999 for MLR and R2 = 0.966 for ANN model. The results of these models show how the study are of significance and valuable for monitoring and evaluating, hence the optimization of exposure dose from RF-EMF sources is adhered.
A Review of the Mathematical Models for Brucellosis Infectiology and Control Strategies
(Journal of Mathematics and Informatics, 2020-07-21) Nyerere, Nkuba; Luboobi, Livingstone; Mpeshe, Saul; Shirima, Gabriel
Brucellosis is a zoonotic bacterial infection that can be acquired by humans from infected animals' meat, urine, body fluids, aborted materials, unpasteurized milk, and milk products or contaminated environment. Mathematical models for infectious diseases have been used as important tools in providing useful information regarding the transmission and effectiveness of the available control strategies. In this paper, a review of the available compartmental mathematical models for Brucellosis was done. The main purpose was to assess their structure, populations involved, the available control strategies and suitability in predicting the disease incidence and prevalence in different settings. Diversities have been observed in the reviewed mathematical models; some models incorporated seasonal variations in a single animal population, some ignored the contributions of the contaminated environment while others considered the cattle or sheep population only. Most of the models reviewed have not considered the contribution of wild animals in the dynamics of Brucellosis. Some models do not match the real situation in most affected areas like sub-Saharan African region and Asian countries where wild animals, cattle and small ruminants share grazing areas and water points. Thus, to avoid unreliable results, this review reveals the need to affirm and incorporate wild animals, livestock, humans and seasonal weather parameters in the spread of Brucellosis and in planning for its controls.