Browsing by Author "Mkangara, Mwanaisha"

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Enhancing Food Security By Fostering Gender Equality In The Context Of Climate Change Variability In Tanzania: A Review
(J. Product. & Dev., 2025) Mkangara, Mwanaisha; Mnabe, Anneth; Zekeya, Never; Mbega, Ernest; Chacha, Musa; Nyange, Tatu
Gender equality in agricultural productivity has boosted food security in this era of climate change dynamics. The equal treatment of women and men in resource allocation, access to credit, education and leadership minimizes the gender gap and increases women's representation in coping with climate change impacts. Focusing on equal rights for women in resource utilization to enhance food security and addressing mitigations and adaptation measures minimize the exacerbation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The review identified the role of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) for farmers to increase productivity with minimum GHG emissions and how understanding resource-smart production and consumption chains contributes to reducing production footprints. The mitigation measures discussed to reduce climate change variability are education, implementing treaties and agreements, agriculture and food systems, carbon credit, urban planning and building designs. The climate change adaptations highlighted are adapted crops, ecosystem restoration, early warning systems, climate-resilient infrastructure and national adaptation plans. Therefore, addressing climate change challenges and gender inequalities through climate action’s innovative strategies is vital for food security.
Evaluation of acute toxicity and sub-acute toxicity of the methanolic extract of Aloe rabaiensis Rendle in BALB/c mice
(Academic Journals, 2019-07-10) Mkangara, Mwanaisha; Mbega, Ernest; Chacha, Musa
This study was undertaken to evaluate preclinical acute and sub-acute toxicity of Aloe rabaiensis leaf methanolic extract (ARLME) on BALB/c mice following OECD guidelines 423 and 407, respectively. In an acute oral toxicity test, ARLME was administered to the mice by oral gavage at a single dose of 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 mg/Kg body weight. The mice were observed for toxic signs for 14 days. In sub-acute oral toxicity test, ARLME was administered to the mice by oral gavage at 500, 800 and 1000 mg/Kg body weight daily up to 28th day. At the end of the test, haematological and biochemical analyses of the collected blood sample were carried out as well as gross and microscopic pathology. The control group (F) received a single oral dose of 0.5 mL of 1% DMSO in normal saline. In acute oral toxicity, no treatment-related death or toxic signs at the dosage below 4000 mg/Kg was observed. Nevertheless, at the dosage of 4000 and 5000 mg/Kg, drowsiness and sedation were observed. It was, therefore, revealed that ARLME could be tolerated up to the dose of 3000 mg/Kg body weight and may be classified as category 5. Sub-acute toxicity study at dosage 500 and 800 mg/Kg displayed no adverse changes in the haematological parameter, body weights and histopathological examination. However, at a dosage of 1000 mg/Kg, the serum biochemical aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase increased, and in histopathological examination of liver and kidney, there was a proliferation of bile duct and leucocytes infiltration respectively. Thus, observations from this study indicate that oral administration of ARLME had no adverse toxic effects in BALB/c mice at the dosage below 1000 mg/Kg, hence supports the use of Aloe rabaiensis in drug formulations.
Mechanisms for salmonella infection and potential management options in chicken
(The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 2020-03-02) Mkangara, Mwanaisha; Mwakapuja, R.; Chilongola, Jaffu; Ndakidemi, Patrick; Mbega, Ernest; Chacha, Musa
Salmonella enterica is the largest species in genus Salmonella with its serovars responsible for infection in chickens and other warm-blooded hosts. After oral ingestion, Salmonella penetrates the mucosal layer of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). It then provokes gastroenteritis and systemic infection to chickens of all ages depending on the serovar involved. The paper explains about Salmonella infection via Type Three Secretion System (TTSS) encoded Pathogenicity Islands (PIs) and how the bacterium survives the acidic environment of GIT. It also explains the roles of TTSS-1 and TTSS-2 in translocation of effectors that interfere with host proteins and later internalisation of Salmonella in Salmonella- containing vacuole (SCV). Other virulence factors such as plasmid, biofilm and lipopolysaccharides are highlighted, and their importance in inducing pathogenicity to host was also included in the paper. Therefore, several factors are geared toward survival, infection, and replication of Salmonella in the host cells. Hence, this article explains the mechanisms of Salmonella infection in chicken, its persistence in different environments and the approaches in controlling chicken salmonellosis.
Molecular identification of Salmonella Typhimurium from village chickens based on invA and spvC genes
(Veterinary World, 2020-04-23) Mkangara, Mwanaisha; Mbega, Ernest; Chacha, Musa
Aim: This study aimed to identify Salmonella enterica serovars by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on virulence genes invasion A (inv A) and Salmonella plasmid virulence C (spvC). Materials and Methods: DNA extraction of eight bacteria isolates was done using the PowerSoil® DNA Isolation Kit. The amplification of invA and spvC genes was done using conventional PCR. The positive PCR products were purified using the GeneJET Purification Kit and then sequenced using ABI 3730 XL automated genetic analyzer. The sequences obtained were compared for similarities with other Salmonella serovars deposited on the NCBI GenBank using BLASTN. Results: Four out of eight samples were amplified by primers FS139/RS141 that target invA gene with products of about 284 bp, and three out of four of the same invA positive samples were also amplified by primers FSPV-1/RSPV-2 targeting spvC with a product of about 571 bp. One sample was not amplified by primers FSPV-1/RSPV-2 as it lacked virulence plasmid. Analysis of sequences indicated 100% homology with closely related serovars of S. enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium. Conclusion: Salmonella Typhimurium that contained invA and spvC genes are pathogenic and virulent strains