Browsing by Author "Martin, Haikael"

Now showing 1 - 20 of 41

African nightshades (Solanum nigrum complex): The potential contribution to human nutrition and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa.
(John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2021-05-03) Sangija, Frank; Martin, Haikael; Matemu, Athanasia
Achieving zero hunger in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) without minimizing postharvest losses of agricultural products is impossible. Therefore, a holistic approach is vital to end hunger, simultaneously improving food security, diversity, and livelihoods. This review focuses on the African nightshades (ANS) Solanum spp. contribution to improving food and nutrition security in SSA. Different parts of ANS are utilized as food and medicine; however, pests and diseases hinder ANS utilization. African nightshade is rich in micronutrients such as β-carotene, vitamins C and E, minerals (iron, calcium, and zinc), and dietary fiber. The leaves contain a high amount of nutrients than the berries. Proper utilization of ANS can contribute to ending hidden hunger, mainly in children and pregnant women. Literature shows that ANS contains antinutritional factors such as oxalate, phytate, nitrate, and alkaloids; however, their quantities are low to cause potential health effects. Several improved varieties with high yields, rich in nutrients, and low alkaloids have been developed in SSA. Various processing and preservation techniques such as cooking, drying, and fermentation are feasible techniques for value addition on ANS in SSA; moreover, most societies are yet to adopt them effectively. Furthermore, promoting value addition and commercialization of ANS is of importance and can create more jobs. Therefore, this review provides an overview of ANS production and challenges that hinder their utilization, possible solutions, and future research suggestions. This review concludes that ANS is an essential nutritious leafy vegetable for improving nutrition and livelihoods in SSA.
Assessment of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases among patients attending cardiac clinic at a referral hospital in Tanzania
(AME Publishing Company, 2019-04-12) Roman, Wilfrida; Martin, Haikael; Nkya, Elingarami
Background: Mortality and morbidity due to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are escalating worldwide, with disproportionately significant worse outcomes in developing countries, due to rapid health and nutrition transition resulting from unplanned urbanization, negative effects of globalization and sedentary lifestyles. Despite the growing trends of CVDs cases in hospital settings especially in Tanzania, still no study has been conducted to evaluate CVD risk factors among patients attending cardiac clinics, to see how they respond to current treatment. This study aimed at assessing lifestyle risk factors and biomarkers associated with hypertension and coronary heart diseases among patients attending cardiac clinics at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre referral hospital in Tanzania. Methods: This was a cross-sectional hospital-based study conducted to determine the prevalence of lifestyle and intermediate risk factors for hypertension and coronary heart disease among patients with hypertension and coronary heart diseases who attended the cardiac clinic at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre referral hospital between April to July 2008. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, medical condition and lifestyle risk factors for hypertension and coronary heart diseases were collected using a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected from each patient and analyzed by Cobas Integra and Maglumi analyzers, to detect and quantify important biomarkers. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze sociodemographic, lifestyle risk factors and biomarkers for hypertension and coronary heart diseases. Pearson’s chi-square (χ 2 ) tests were used to associate risk factors for hypertension and coronary heart diseases, and multinomial logistic regression was used to determine independent predictors for hypertension and coronary heart diseases. Results: Of the 100 patients recruited to participate in the study, 65% had hypertension, 23% had coronary heart diseases and 12% had both disease conditions. The most prevalent risk factors for hypertension and coronary heart diseases were: alcohol intake (67%), high blood pressure (59%), physical inactivity (61%), obesity (39%), alanine aminotransferase (43%), high-density lipoprotein (79%), low-density lipoprotein (65%), C-reactive protein (78%), sodium (41%) and potassium (40%). Moreover, age, plasma glucose, alanine aminotransferase, and C-reactive protein were found to be independently and positively associated with hypertension and coronary heart diseases. Conclusions: This study affirmed the exposure of patients to cardiovascular risk factors, despite being under medical management. These findings call for sensitization programs and additional interventions in the management of CVDs among patients attending cardiac clinics in Tanzania hospitals, to include health education on lifestyle risk factors modification and proper dietary habits.
Association Between Aflatoxin Exposure and Haemoglobin, Zinc, and Vitamin A, C, and E Levels/Status: A Systematic Review
(MDPI, 2025-02-28) Mshanga, Naelijwa; Moore, Sally; Kassim, Neema; Martin, Haikael; Auma, Carolyn; Gong, Yun
Background: Aflatoxin, produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus fungi, contaminates a broad range of crops such as maize, nuts, and cotton. Aflatoxin exposure causes growth failure, immune suppression, and liver cancer. While several systematic reviews have assessed the link between aflatoxin exposure and growth development in humans, there is a lack of reviews on the associations between aflatoxin exposure and micronutrient levels/status. This review addresses that gap by compiling studies on the association between aflatoxin exposure and micronutrient levels/status in humans. Methods: A comprehensive search of the SCOPUS, PUBMED, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases was conducted, focusing on studies published between 2003 and 2023. Only English-language studies using urine, blood, serum, or plasma biomarkers were included to assess the exposure and outcomes. The risk of bias in these studies was evaluated using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Criteria for human studies. Results: Ten observational studies were included in the systematic review, which collectively reported the association between aflatoxin exposure and haemoglobin, zinc, and vitamin A, E, and C levels. This review suggests that aflatoxin exposure is associated with micronutrient deficiencies, such as anaemia (low haemoglobin levels (<11 g/dL)) in pregnant women and vitamin A deficiency in adults and children. Conclusions: This review highlights the link between aflatoxin exposure and micronutrient deficiencies, emphasizing the need for aflatoxin mitigation within micronutrient interventions. Future studies should focus on longitudinal and interventional research to establish causal relationships and assess the effectiveness of mitigation strategies. Additionally, further research is needed to explore the interaction between aflatoxin exposure and other potential confounding factors such as dietary patterns, socioeconomic status, and genetic predisposition.
Cardiovascular diseases in Tanzania: The burden of modifiable and intermediate risk factors
(AME Publishing Company, 2019-08-27) Roman, Wilfrida; Martin, Haikael; Sauli, Elingarami
Abstract: Tanzania, like other developing countries, is facing a higher burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The country is experiencing rapid growth of modifiable and intermediate risk factors that accelerate CVD mortality and morbidity rates. In rural and urban settings, cardiovascular risk factors such as tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, overweight, and obesity, are documented to be higher in this review. Increased urbanization, lifestyle changes, lack of awareness and rural to urban movement have been found to increase CVD risk factors in Tanzania. Despite the identification of modifiable risk factors for CVDs, there is still limited information on physical inactivity and eating habits among Tanzanian population that needs to be addressed. Conclusively, primary prevention, improved healthcare system, which include affordable health services, availability of trained health care providers, improved screening and diagnostic equipment, adequate guidelines, and essential drugs for CVDs are the key actions that need to be implemented for cost effective control and management of CVDs. Effective policy for control and management of CVDs should also properly be employed to ensure fruitful implementation of different interventions
Consumption of Mixed Indigenous Vegetables: A solution to low hemoglobin levels among pregnant women in Babati, Tanzania
(Enviro Research Publishers., 2025-02-25) Malley, Zuwena; Sauli, Elingarami; Martin, Haikael
Pregnancy-related anemia is a critical health issue affecting a larger number of pregnant women in Tanzania affected. The study examined the impact of consuming locally grown indigeneous vegetables on iron intake and anemia prevention. The study utilized a cross-sectional design to investigate the impact of consuming locally grown indigenous vegetables on iron intake and anemia prevention among 340 pregnant women in Babati District, Tanzania. Participants were recruited from antenatal care services at four health facilities within the district. Dietary assessments were conducted to evaluate food consumption patterns and Dietary Diversity Scores (DDS).were calculated to determine the variety of food groups consumed. Indigenous vegetables were analyzed for the iron, vitamin C, and phytate content to assess their nutritional composition. Statistical analyses conducted included Chi2 (χ2) tests and Spearman rank correlations to evaluate the relationships between socio-demographic factors, dietary practices, and anemia prevalence. The prevalence of anemia was 45%, with a significant association between anemia and maternal age (P < 0.04, χ2 = 6.43), as older women (36–49 years) were less likely to be anemic compared to younger women (≤35 years). Marital status also correlated with anemia (P < 0.04, χ2 = 4.1), with married women showing a lower prevalence. Dietary diversity was limited, with only 55.6% of participants consuming five or more food groups (DDS ≥ 5). Indigenous vegetables, such as sweet potato leaves and amaranth combined with lemon juice, showed high vitamin C content (43.2 ± 0.26 mg/g), enhancing iron absorption. Hygiene practices like hand washing after toilet use were associated with reduced anemia risk (P < 0.0022, χ2 = 9.352). This study highlights the importance of indigenous vegetables, dietary diversity, and good hygiene in reducing anemia among pregnant women in rural Tanzania, emphasizing the need for nutrition education and improved access to iron-rich foods.
Consumption of Mixed Indigenous Vegetables: A solution to low hemoglobin levels among pregnant women in Babati, Tanzania
(Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science, 2025-02-27) Malley, Zuwena; Sauli, Elingarami; Martin, Haikael
Pregnancy-related anemia is a critical health issue affecting a larger number of pregnant women in Tanzania affected. The study examined the impact of consuming locally grown indigeneous vegetables on iron intake and anemia prevention. The study utilized a cross-sectional design to investigate the impact of consuming locally grown indigenous vegetables on iron intake and anemia prevention among 340 pregnant women in Babati District, Tanzania. Participants were recruited from antenatal care services at four health facilities within the district. Dietary assessments were conducted to evaluate food consumption patterns and Dietary Diversity Scores (DDS).were calculated to determine the variety of food groups consumed. Indigenous vegetables were analyzed for the iron, vitamin C, and phytate content to assess their nutritional composition. Statistical analyses conducted included Chi2 (χ2) tests and Spearman rank correlations to evaluate the relationships between socio-demographic factors, dietary practices, and anemia prevalence. The prevalence of anemia was 45%, with a significant association between anemia and maternal age (P < 0.04, χ2 = 6.43), as older women (36–49 years) were less likely to be anemic compared to younger women (≤35 years). Marital status also correlated with anemia (P < 0.04, χ2 = 4.1), with married women showing a lower prevalence. Dietary diversity was limited, with only 55.6% of participants consuming five or more food groups (DDS ≥ 5). Indigenous vegetables, such as sweet potato leaves and amaranth combined with lemon juice, showed high vitamin C content (43.2 ± 0.26 mg/g), enhancing iron absorption. Hygiene practices like hand washing after toilet use were associated with reduced anemia risk (P < 0.0022, χ2 = 9.352). This study highlights the importance of indigenous vegetables, dietary diversity, and good hygiene in reducing anemia among pregnant women in rural Tanzania, emphasizing the need for nutrition education and improved access to iron-rich foods.
Correlating food and nutritional patterns with cancers in the pediatric oncology population at two specialized hospitals in Tanzania
(Springer nature, 2024-01-11) Monko, Dafrosa; Martin, Haikael; Mpolya, Emmanuel
Background This study of nutritional patterns in relation to cancers among pediatric oncology population in Tanzania was motivated by the lack of up-to-date information about the nutritional practices, the controversy around the importance of nutritional support and the lack of consistent nutritional criteria among pediatric oncology populations. Methods A survey study in two cancer referral hospitals of children diagnosed with any cancers, aged between 1 and 17 years inclusive and being eligible for enteral feeding included 131 children. Their demographic, nutritional, feeding and cancer profiles were analyzed descriptively through mapping and other approaches as well as inferentially using multinomial regression models to understand different aspects of nutrition for children suffering from cancers. Results The majority (15% or higher) of pediatric oncology population originated from the lake zone. Between 7 and 12% of pediatric oncology population originated from the Western zone. The top-three cancers with their percentages in the brackets were: Wilms Tumor (32%), Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (26%) and Retinoblastoma (13%). About 69% of the pediatric oncology population ate foods that are rich in energy but poor in protein such as rice (21.5%), porridge (19.3%), banana (11.7%) and potatoes (10.2%). On the other hand, only 17.5% ate foods that are generally protein-rich such as meat (8.0%), fish (5.3%) and chicken (4.2%); and 12.7% ate milk (4.2%), beans (3.4%), vegetables (2.7%), eggs (1.9%) and fruits (1.5%). Cancers impacted food intake in about 60% of all children with cancers and affected appetite in 18.3% of them. Cancers caused vomiting in 16% and diarrhea in 6.1% of children. The majority of children with cancers (61.8%) took at least one meal while 34.4% took just snacks (p < 0.001). Conclusions The majority of pediatric oncology population had erratic nutritional patterns and took foods high in energy and poor in proteins. There is a two-way interaction between cancers and nutrition in which cancers affect general nutritional intake which could affect the cancer treatment outcomes in return. Therefore, it is important to consider these interactions while managing pediatric oncology populations in this and similar settings.
Determinants of food intake and nutritional status among inpatients in northern hospitals in Tanzania
(INNSpub, 2024-07) Ijumaa, Asia; Mollay, Clara; Martin, Haikael
Adequate nutrition is a key among hospitalized patients. It is crucial and most significant aspect of improving quality of life of inpatients. However, hospitals in developing nations challenged with adequate meal provisions. In Tanzania, meal provision isn’t part of inpatients service. This impacted quality of life, causing an increased number of days in hospital stay. Furthermore, research has demonstrated the significance of food consumption to promote recovery. Cross-sectional study design was used in this study. Data were analyzed for descriptive statistical inferences by using R statistical software. Results showed; determinants of food intake were; distance to hospital, 76% inpatients used more than 60 minutes to arrive at hospital and 31% stayed hospital for 15 days and above. Moreover, dietary study was conducted; results showed 70% of inpatients didn’t meet minimum dietary diversity. Insufficient nutrition awareness was another determinant where, 70% of inpatients didn’t understand balanced diet. Findings revealed that, 86% of inpatients consumed monotonous diet high in starch, 12% of adult inpatients were underweight (BMI <18.5) while 7% were obese with BMI > 30. Twenty nine percent of children aged 6 to 59 months were severely stunted (SD < -3). In this study, association between dietary intake and distance from home indicated, some patients lacking food services because of leaving far from hospital. It was concluded that, higher proportion of inpatients didn’t meet minimum dietary diversity due to monotonous diet they consumed. To meet SDGs challenges of zero hunger, good health and well-being, hospital meal provision is essential.
Determination of Vitamins A, C and D Status Using Serum Markers and a 24-Hour Dietary Recall among Maasai Women of Reproductive Age
(Open Access Library Journal, 2014-11) Martin, Haikael; Petrucka, Pammla; Buza, Joram
We previously reported that the prevalence of oral thrush among Maasai women of reproductive age in Ngorongoro Conservation Area was abnormally high (32%) in the absence of immune-com- promising diseases such as HIV. This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that Maasai women of reproductive age are prone to oral thrush because they are deficient in micronutrients such as Vitamins A, C, D, and B12, as well as iron and folate which are known to have immune modulating functions. Method: The study recruited 210 participants out of which 180 agreed to donate blood for serum separation and analyses. A total of 107 participants (including 28 with oral thrush and 79 without oral thrush) were assessed for dietary intake of iron, folate, Vitamins A, C, and B12 using a 24 hours dietary recall method. Further, 40 serum samples randomly selected from the 180 serum samples were tested for concentrations of Vitamins A and C using commercially available HPLC kit while the concentration of Vitamin D was tested using the commercially available 25-OH Vitamin D ELISA Assay kit. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 20™, where descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to demographic, socioeconomic and biochemical variables. Student’s t-test was used to test for significant differences among variables at 95% confidence level. The proportion of women with deficiency was calculated for single and multiple micronutrients. Results: Results from the 24-hour dietary recall method revealed that with the exception of folate (p = 0.000), there were no significant differences in iron, Vitamins A, C, and B12 intake between participants with and without oral thrush. Of note, the in- take of these four micronutrients was below the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI). A similar trend was observed for serum vitamin concentrations as established by HPLC and ELISA testing. While there was no significant difference in serum concentration of Vitamins A, C, and D between participants with and without oral thrush (p > 0.05), the serum levels were all below normal signifying deficiency of micronutrients in the sample. Conclusion: Overall, this study revealed micronutrient deficiency in the women of reproductive age in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, which may contribute to the previously reported high levels of oral thrush. Recommendations: Nutrition education directed to this community on the importance of eating micronutrient rich foods such as fruits and vegetables is highly recommended.
Developing an Understanding of Traditional Maasai Water Practices and Technologies
(Brill, 2023-11) Rwiza, Mwemezi; Martin, Haikael; Kipacha, Ahmad
The African traditional knowledges and knowledge systems are on the brink of extinc- tion. The indigenous knowledge of Africa has not been extensively studied and docu- mented. In sub-Saharan Africa, the supremacy of colonial education in higher learning education has been responsible for erasing traditional knowledge. It is against this backdrop that a team of researchers from the Nyerere Knowledge for Change (K4C) Hub set out to investigate how traditional knowledges and modern, mainstream ways of knowing can be bridged. The study we report on was conducted in collaboration with the Maasai village leaders of Nduruma Village in Arusha, Northern Tanzania. Village committee meetings, interviews, group discussions, photograph taking, video recording, voice recording, and direct observation were among the methods used to gain knowledge on the Maasai traditional technologies of water management. The information gathered and shared in this case study contributes to building mutually beneficial expert-community partnerships.
Dietary Practices, Nutrient Adequacy, and Nutrition Status among Adolescents in Boarding High Schools in the Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania.
(Hindawi, 2020-07-01) Nicholaus, Calista; Martin, Haikael; Kassim, Neema; Matemu, Athanasia; Kimiywe, Judith
A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess dietary practices, nutrient adequacy, and nutrition status among 164 adolescents aged between 16 and 19 years in boarding secondary schools in the Kilimanjaro region. In-depth interviews and a survey guided by a semistructured and structured questionnaire, including 24-hour recall and food frequency questionnaire techniques, were used to collect information. Nutrition status was assessed using anthropometric measurements and hemoglobin levels. WHO AnthroPlus software and NutriSurvey software were used to analyze anthropometry and dietary data, respectively. Diet in boarding schools was monotonous comprising mainly of cereal-legume meal with low intake of animal sources, fruits, and vegetables. Mean intake of energy, vitamin C, iron, calcium, and zinc was 1392 kcal, 24.8 mg, 9.2 mg, 134.5 mg, and 4.3 mg, respectively, which were below the Recommended Daily Allowance. The average carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake of 471.9 g, 73.7 g, and 80.7 g, respectively, were slightly higher than the Recommended Daily Allowance in both sexes. Male had a significantly higher intake of protein and carbohydrates ( < 0.001). Female had a significantly ( < 0.001) high intake of fat compared to male adolescents. Overall, 23.1% of the adolescents were anaemic, 25% were overweight, and 6.1% were obese. Boarding secondary schools' diet is monotonous and are inadequate in key micronutrients, iron, zinc, calcium, and vitamin C. There is a coexistence of undernutrition and overnutrition among adolescents in boarding schools. Therefore, monitoring adolescents' dietary intake and nutrition status is a key in preventing adolescents' malnutrition in the short term and diet-related diseases in the long term.
Does Pesticide exposure contribute to the growing burden of non - communicable diseases in Tanzania
(Elsevier B.V., 2022-09) Martin, Haikael; Matemu, Athanasia; Kassim, Neema; Kimiywe, Judith; Nicholaus, Calista
Pesticide exposure is becoming a public health concern in Tanzania. This review highlights the existing information on pesticide exposure, health effects, knowledge, and awareness on pesticide handling and management and in the current pesticide regulations in Tanza- nia. There was a significant increase in pesticides importation of up to 4.5 million liters’ in 2017 and registration of 1,114 pesticides in 2018. Food, water and soil are subjected to unacceptable levels of pesticide residues. Inadequate awareness of the effects of pes- ticides among the population of Tanzania was observed. Even though there are existing regulations governing pesticides, the inadequate management of pesticide in Tanzania was identified to contribute the malpractices in pesticide usage. Persistence of the malpractice in pesticide handling has been observed which argues for immediate intervention. Limited information concerning pesticide poisoning and adverse health effects has been reported but the magnitude of the health effects is not well known. There is scarce data on the association between pesticide and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Tanzania. This review is informative to the policy, practices, and intervention towards the existing situa- tion of pesticide in Tanzania. In addition, it calls for further investigation of the absence of data on pesticide exposure and NCDs
Effect of drying methods on the nutritional and anti-nutritional quality of African nightshade (Solanum sp.)
(INNSPUB, 2022-08-25) Kazosi, Marynurce; Martin, Haikael; Matemu, Athanasia
African nightshade (ANS) is a luminary food plant, considered a cheap and potential dietary source for micronutrients and bioactive compounds. This study evaluated the effects of drying techniques on nutritional (minerals & vitamin C) and anti-nutritional (oxalates & phytate) contents of Solanum scabrum (SS) and S. villosum (SV). The study employed three methods of drying; indirect solar drying (ISD), mixed solar drying (MSD), and open sun drying (OSD). Furthermore, blanching (85 °C, 2 min) with and without 3% NaCl were used as pre-treatments. Results showed that the ISD method retained more vitamin C in a range of 14.76% - 19.2% in both SS and SV leaves. The ISD was the most effective method in Ca (92.90%, 96.57%), Fe (77.88%, 71.54%), and Zn (86.94%, 90.09%) retention for both SS and SV leaves, respectively. On the other hand, all drying methods significantly reduced the oxalate and phytate content. The effect of pre-treatment methods on nutrient retention and anti-nutrients remaoval was also recorded. Results showed that ISD to be the best method for vitamin C and minerals retention and anti-nutrient reduction. Therefore, ISD can be a suitable method for preserving ANS while retaining nutrients and reducing anti-nutrients.
Effect of lactic acid fermentation on the nutritional quality and consumer acceptability of African nightshade
(Wiley Online Library, 2022-04-26) Sangija, Frank; Martin, Haikael; Matemu, Athanasia
African nightshade (ANS) is among many underexploited and neglected indigenous vegetables. This study assessed the effect of lactic acid fermentation (LAF) on nutritional and sensory quality in Solanum villosum (Sv) and Solanum scabrum (Ss). Spontaneously fermented (SF) and controlled fermented (CF) conditions using Lactobacillus plantarum LP90 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides LM58 were employed for 15 days and 120 h. From the fermented pickles, relish products were prepared using cooking oil and a variety of spices. The relish products were subjected to a consumer acceptability test. Results show a significant drop in pH to <3.5, increasing titratable acidity (TTA) to around 0.6 after 120 h and 15 days of CF and SF, respectively. LAF resulted in a 2.6–5 and 1.6–4.8-fold significant rise in β-carotene in pickles and their relish products. All pickles and relish products exhibited a significant decrease (p < .05) in vitamin C by 88.33%–95.90%. LAF significantly reduced total phenolic (26%– 43%) and Chlorophyll (16.45%–39.25%). On the other hand, LAF showed improvement in minerals content (P, Ca, Fe, and Zn) and reduction of tannin (76.27%–92.88%) and oxalate (77.33%–90%) levels. LAF relish products were highly preferred by the consumers, with S. villosum controlled fermented relish (SvCFR) leading. All fermented relishes were stable at ambient (27°C) and refrigeration (4°C) temperatures after 6 months of storage. Generally, LAF is an effective method for ANS preservation, with improved nutritional quality and safety. LAF can therefore be recommended to small-scale farmers, processors, and households for ANS preservation. Ultimately, this method enhances the nutrition and sensory quality, safety, and livelihood.
Efficacy of Different Doses of Multiple Micronutrient Powder on Haemoglobin Concentration in Children Aged 6–59 Months in Arusha District
(Hindawi Scientiﬁca, 2019-02-03) Kejo, Dyness; Petrucka, Pammla; Martin, Haikael; Mosha, Theobald; Kimanya, Martin
In Tanzania’s Arusha District, anaemia is a signiﬁcant public health problem. Recently, home fortiﬁcation with multiple micronutrient powder was recommended, and daily use of one sachet has shown to be eﬀective. However, it is a challenge for deprived families with low income to aﬀord the daily sachet. aim of this study was to compare the eﬃcacy of diﬀerent administration frequencies of micronutrient powder in reducing anaemia in children aged 6–59 months. Is research used a community-based, randomized longitudinal trial design with the intent to treat anaemia. Children aged 6 to 59 months (n = 369) were randomly assigned to one of four intervention groups which received, on a weekly basis, either ﬁve sachets (n=60), three sachets (n=80), two sachets (n = 105), or one sachet (n = 124) for six months; 310 children completed the study. Using the Hemo Cue technique, a ﬁnger-prick blood was taken at baseline, middle, and end points of the intervention to determine haemoglobin levels. The eﬀect of treatment on haemoglobin was assessed with analysis of covariates with Bonferroni post hoc to test group diﬀerence (p > 0.05) from each other. At the end, haemoglobin levels were signiﬁcantly higher in participants who received three or ﬁve sachets of micronutrient powder per week compared to those who received one or two micronutrient powder sachets per week (p < 0.05). The prevalence of illnesses was reduced from 65% to 30.5% in all groups. This ﬁnding indicates that economically challenged families may opt for three times per week sachet administration rather than a more costly daily administration.
Food security mediates the decrease in women's depressive symptoms in a participatory nutrition-sensitive agroecology intervention in rural Tanzania.
(Cambridge University Press 2021, 2021-03-12) Cetrone, Hollyn; Santoso, Marianne; Bezner Kerr, Rachel; Petito, Lucia; Blacker, Lauren; Nonga, Theresia; Martin, Haikael; Kassim, Neema; Mtinda, Elias; Young, Sera
Objective: To investigate if food security mediated the impact of a nutrition-sensitive agroecology intervention on women’s depressive symptoms. Design: We used annual longitudinal data (4 time points) from a cluster-randomized effectiveness trial of a participatory nutrition-sensitive agroecology intervention, the Singida Nutrition and Agroecology Project (SNAP-Tz). Structural equation modelling estimation of total, natural direct, and natural indirect effects was used to investigate food security’s role in the intervention’s impact on women’s risk of probable depression (CES-D > 17) across three years. Setting: Rural Singida, Tanzania. Participants: 548 food insecure, married, smallholder women farmers with children < 1-year-old at baseline. Results: At baseline, one third of the women in each group had probable depression (Control: 32.0%, Intervention: 31.9%, p difference=0.97). The intervention lowered odds of probable depression by 43% (OR=0.57, 95% CI: 0.43-0.70). Differences in food insecurity explained approximately 10 percentage points of the effects of the intervention on odds of probable depression (OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.83-0.95). Conclusions: This is the first evidence of the strong, positive effect that lowering food insecurity has on reducing women’s depressive symptoms. Nutrition-sensitive agricultural interventions can have broader impacts than previously demonstrated, i.e., improvements in mental health, and changes in food security play an important causal role in this pathway. As such, these data suggest participatory nutrition-sensitive agroecology interventions have the potential to be an accessible method of improving women’s wellbeing in farming communities.
Household food insecurity and gender inequity is associated with high prevalence of maternal depression amongst female farmers with young children in rural Tanzania
(The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 2018-10-03) Blacker, Lauren; Santoso, Marianne; Harnett, Laura; Kassim, Neema; Mollay, Clara; Martin, Haikael; Mtinda, Elias; Kalonga, Esther; Mtei, Kelvin; Kalonga, Joseph; Bezner, Rachel; Young, Sera
There is growing recognition of the importance of maternal mental health for the well-being of both mothers and children. In addition to being of importance to public health concern on its own right, maternal depression could impede women's capacity to provide quality care to their children. However, the covariates of maternal depression, especially in low-resource settings, are not well-understood. In particular, the role of gender equity in maternal depression needs further investigation. Therefore, we sought to understand covariates associated with maternal depression in a rural farming community in Tanzania. We hypothesized that greater food insecurity and gender inequity in a household would be positively correlated with maternal depression. The Singida Nutrition and Agroecology Project (SNAP-Tz) is a participatory agroecology and nutrition intervention with rural farmers with children <1 y in Singida, Tanzania. As part of the baseline assessment in February 2016, women from the 587 participating households were asked about a range of socio-demographic, agricultural, health, and nutrition topics. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D, range: 0–65) was used to measure maternal depression. The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS, range: 0–27) was used to measure household food insecurity. Gender equity was indicated by a summed score of husband's help with household chores (range: 0–7), women's (dis)satisfaction with leisure time, and women's experience with domestic violence. Social support was measured using the Perceived Social Support scale (PSS, range:0–40). Multivariate linear regression models of depression were then built using backwards stepwise elimination and include village fixed effects. Standard error estimates considered clustering at the village level. CESD scores indicated probable depression (CES-D≥17) among 69.2% of women. Probable major depression (CES-D≥26) was indicated for 42.5% women. The mean HFIAS of 14.0 (sd: 7.9) suggested that food insecurity was also very common. In multivariate models of depression, food insecurity score was positively and strongly correlated with maternal depression score (β=0.62, p=0.000). Having experienced domestic violence was positively associated with increased maternal depression score (β=4.29, p=0.004). Greater help from husband and satisfaction with amount of leisure time were negatively correlated with maternal depression score (β=−0.65, p=0.011 and β=−3.00, p=0.000, respectively). In sum, the prevalence of maternal depression is very high in Singida, Tanzania. While some covariates were not modifiable, several important ones were, including food insecurity, unbalanced household division of task, and domestic violence. Causality should be further explored, but these data suggest important and novel domains in which to intervene to improve maternal mental health.
Hypoglycemic Effects of Cymbopogon citratus Ethanol Leaves' Extract and Its Fractions in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice 2020
(Semantic scholar, 2020-12-31) Temu, Joyce; Martin, Haikael; Sauli, Elingarami
Varieties of plants, including Cymbopogon citratus, are traditionally used in controlling hyperglycemia by either stimulating insulin secretion, inhibition α- Glucosidase or α-amylase activity. This study evaluated hypoglycemic effects of Cymbopogon citratus ethanol leaves' extract and its fractions in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Cymbopogon citratus leaves were shade dried, grinded into fine powder and then extracted by cold maceration using ethanol. Fractionation was done by VLC using dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. OGTT was performed for both crude extract and fractions. Diabetes was induced in mice by intraperitoneal injection of freshly prepared alloxan monohydrate (170 mg/kilogram body weight). The mice were treated with ethyl acetate fraction once daily at 400 mg/kilogram body weight dose for the period of 20 days.FBG and weight were then recorded in days 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 after six hours of fasting. Safety of crude water extract and ethyl acetate fractions were evaluated in mice by using Lorke’s method, followed by 5 days observation for their mortality and behavioral changes. Comparisons of results among groups were analyzed using One-way ANOVA. The difference between the means of the two population groups (each against negative control) was considered significant at p< 0.05. Results were expressed as mean ± SD. Both crude and ethyl acetate fractions from C. citratus showed significant hypoglycemic activity. Moreover, higher hypoglycemic activity was shown by ethyl acetate fraction (p = 0.004). No mortality was observed at 5000 mg/kilogram body weight dose but sleeping and tremor were observed at a 1000 -5000 mg/kilogram body weight dose. Good hypoglycemic and safety results from ethyl acetate fraction highly suggest that Cymbopogon citratus extracts are effective against insulin-dependent hyperglycemia, which may be contributed by the action of screened alkaloids, saponins, antraquinone, phenol and tannins. Isolation and testing of the active ingredients from the C. citratus extract are thus warranted for use in developing pharmaceutical anti-hyperglycemic drugs from this herbal plant.
Insulin Resistance Among Pregnant Women in Urban Areas of Arusha Region, Tanzania.
(Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers, 2019-12-02) Msollo, Safiness; Martin, Haikael; Mwanri, Akwilina; Petrucka, Pammla
To establish the prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) and its determinants among selected pregnant women in urban Arusha for taking preventive measures. A cross-sectional study was conducted between March and December 2018 at Ngarenaro and Kaloleni health facilities in Arusha District involving 230 randomly selected pregnant women who were not known to have diabetes before pregnancy. Blood glucose at fasting and 2 hr after consuming 75 grams of glucose dissolved in 300 mL of water was measured using Gluco-Plus™, serum insulin concentrations using ELISA machine (Synergy/HTX™; BioTek), and IR was calculated using the Homeostasis Model of Assessment formula. Body fat was measured using a bioelectric impedance analyzer, mid-upper arm circumference using a regular tape, weight using SECA™, blood pressure using GT-868UF Geratherm™ machine, and height by stadiometer. Maternal characteristics were collected through face to face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science™ Version 20. The prevalence of IR was 21% ( = 49) and significantly associated with increased body fat percentage (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.68, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-2.5), family history of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM; AOR: 2.77, 95% CI: 1.21-6.33), hypertension (AOR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.12-5.6), edema (AOR: 3.01, 95% CI: 1.31-6.96), and proteinuria (AOR: 3.44, 95% CI: 1.11-10.69). IR was higher among pregnant women with increased body fat percentage, family history of T2DM, hypertension, edema, and proteinuria. These findings call for large-scale screening to further explore risk factors to prevent gestational diabetes mellitus.
Knowledge and Dietary Practices on Vitamin A and Iron Among Maasai Pregnant Women: A Mixed-Method Study, Ngorongoro, Tanzania
(Dovepress, 2020-09-18) Mshanga, Naelijwa; Martin, Haikael; Petrucka, Pammla
Background: Provision of micronutrients knowledge is important during pregnancy as it informs mothers what to eat and avoid, to ensure sufficient micronutrient absorption by the mothers and fetuses. Most studies focus on general nutrition knowledge and dietary prac tices, but there is minimal known about micronutrient knowledge especially in pastoral societies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explain the current micronutrient knowl edge and dietary practices of pregnant women in this unique pastoral society. Methods: This is a mixed-method study that involves focus group discussions and question naires in assessing the micronutrient knowledge and frequency micronutrients dietary practices of Maasai pregnant women from one week to thirty-six weeks pregnant. Chi-square test and descriptive statistics, such as percentages, frequency distribution and measures of central tendency, were used to assess socio-demographic data, micronutrients knowledge and frequency of micronutrients dietary practices and the comparison between knowledge and dietary practices, while inductive thematic content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. Results: In total, 140 questionnaires were completed with a response rate of 100% and 32 participants drawn from this group attended one of four focus group discussions. The study found that most participants had good knowledge of dietary iron, while less than a quarter (24.3%) had good knowledge of vitamin A. Moreover, there was a statistical significance difference (P=0.043) between knowledge and dietary practices. Low dietary micronutrient intake was primarily due to cultural restrictions, prohibition in cultivating and unavailability of micronutrients rich foods in this geographical area. Conclusion: The majority of the study participants had good knowledge of iron compared to vitamin A; however, they do not translate the knowledge in dietary practices. Therefore, the Government of Tanzania through Ministry of Education and Health should introduce different interventions to increase micronutrients knowledge and practices in pastoral societies.