Browsing by Author "Marchant, Robert"

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Assessing interactions between agriculture, livestock grazing and wildlife conservation land uses: A historical example from east africa
(MDPI, 2021-01-06) Kariuki, Rebecca; Western, David; Willcock, Simon; Marchant, Robert
Despite mobile livestock grazing being widely recognized as one of the most viable and sustainable land uses for semi-arid savanna, which can deliver clear wildlife conservation benefits, the levels of pastoral sedentarization and transitions to agricultural livelihoods continue to rise in many pastoral communities across the world. Using questionnaire interviews with community elders, our study assessed changing trends in livestock grazing, wildlife conservation, and sedentarization levels from the 1960s to the present day across three savannas in southern Kenya. Our study identified the drivers of land uses and land subdivision and the implications of land use change on savanna ecology. Over the last half century, there has been a 30% decline in livestock grazing land in southern Kenya due to the expansion of land for agriculture and wildlife conservation. Despite the decline, livestock grazing remains the preferred land use in subdivided and privatized lands. Pastoralist land used for wildlife conservation was perceived to be higher (30%) in southwestern Kenya compared to southeastern Kenya (16%), despite their geographical proximity. These historical insights provide useful lessons for maintaining space for wildlife, diversifying livelihoods, and increasing the resilience of pastoralists in the process of transitioning from traditional subsistence to market economies and the threats of social and ecological dislocation.
Observation of an adult female oribi with leucistic pelage in Lobo, Serengeti National Park, Tanzania
(John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2019-07-12) Munishi, Linus K.; Mustaphi, Colin Courtney; Marchant, Robert
The oribi (Bovidae: Antilopinae: Ourebiini: Ourebia ourebi [Zimmermann, 1783]) is a small antelope distributed widely across open woody grasslands of sub‐Saharan Africa (Goldspink, Holland, Sweet, & Stewart, 2002), especially in hilly open‐broadleaf savanna and primarily feeds on herbaceous vegetation (Monfort & Monfort, 1974). The species lives singly or in small groups with multiple males, yet long‐term pairing is frequently low (Adamczak & Dunbar, 2008; Arcese, 1994; Arcese, Jongejan, & Sinclair, 1995; Jongejan, Arcese, & Sinclair, 1991). Oribi are readily identifiable with a tan coat and whitish underbelly, large ears, a conspicuous black‐coloured preor‐ bital glandular spot below the ear, long neck and long legs (Foley et al., 2014; Kingdon et al., 2013). Up to 13 subspecies have been described with one subspecies found in Serengeti National Park: O. ourebi cottoni. The northern Tanzania population of oribi has disappeared from many areas around Lake Victoria as a result of habitat loss due to land use changes surrounding the park (Estes, Kuemmerle, Kushnir, Radeloff, & Shugart, 2012) and bushmeat (in the early 1990s: Mduma, 1995). The O. ourebi cottoni population in Serengeti National Park increased rapidly during recent decades and likely exceeds 7,000 individuals (Foley et al., 2014; Sinclair, 2012). In the park, the distribution is predominantly from Ikorongo and Grumeti Game Reserves eastward to Loliondo, and from Lobo northward to Kenya, making this area the highest estimated population den‐ sity in Africa (Mduma, 1995). Aberrant anomalies with pelage (fur) colouration ranging from melanistic (darker) and leucistic (lighter) have been reported in several African mammal taxa, such as wild felids (Schneider et al., 2012; da Silva, 2017), primates (de Jong & Butynski, 2010) and antelopes (Butynski & de Jong, 2019; de Jong & Butynski, 2017), as has albinism (Bowen, 1926; Stevenson‐ Hamilton, 1913), which also causes pigment differences in skin as well as fur. The resulting high contrast in colouration between conspecifics in a group or the surrounding environment can re‐ sult in modified antipredator behaviours in leucistic individuals. Leucistic individuals potentially experience increased predation risk because predators focus on their aberrant coloration (Caro, 2005)