Browsing by Author "Malima, Gabriel"

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Adoption of electric cars in sub-Saharan Africa: Understanding consumers' choice behaviour in urban Tanzania
(Elsevier, 2025-10) Malima, Gabriel
The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) presents a promising opportunity for low- and middle-income countries to transition to cleaner and more energy-efficient vehicle technologies. However, the success of EV adoption depends highly on consumer acceptance and adoption of these vehicles. This article analyses factors influencing consumers' intention to adopt electric cars in urban areas of Tanzania. The article employs Discrete Choice Experiment techniques to create a hypothetical electric car market in urban Tanzania. It uses Hierarchical Bayes analysis to determine the part-worth utility scores and the relative importance of attributes that affect respondents' purchase decisions for electric cars. The findings indicate that, although purchasing price is also considered important, driving range is the most significant factor influencing the adoption of electric vehicles in Tanzania's emerging EV market. The article offers insights into the factors that impact consumer intention to adopt EVs in sub-Saharan Africa, a region with limited coverage of EV literature.
Are electric vehicles economically viable in sub-Saharan Africa? The total cost of ownership of internal combustion engine and electric vehicles in Tanzania
(Elsevier, 2023-09) Malima, Gabriel; Moyo, Francis
The prevalence of internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) fleets globally has resulted in various environmental issues, such as the emissions of greenhouse gases, reliance on imported petroleum products, significant degradation of air quality, and adverse health impacts on people. To address these challenges, the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is viewed as a sustainable solution. This study analyzed the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of EVs in sub-Saharan Africa to determine if they are viable options for consumers from Tanzania. Contrary to previous studies on the competitive position of EVs that focused on Europe, Asia, and other regions with high EV diffusion, and are more advanced in terms of EV manufacturing capacity and promoting policies, this study focused on Tanzania, a country with low EV diffusion and no EV manufacturing capacity. We compared the economics of electric cars and electric two-wheelers (e2Ws) and their ICE counterparts. The findings show that the TCO per km of electric cars is higher than that of their ICE car counterparts, while the TCO of e2W was less than that of their petroleum counterparts. Importing taxes charged to all vehicles imported into the country significantly hike the upfront cost of EVs. For electric cars, particularly battery electric vehicles, to reach TCO parity with ICE car counterparts, the current import taxes have to be reduced by 40% or more, which is equivalent to removing all import duty or value-added taxes. In this regard, electric cars are still not economically viable for Tanzanian automotive consumers, unless economic incentives are introduced. With EVs being in the early stage in the country, it is recommended to start by promoting e2Ws, which are economically viable for many consumers in the Tanzanian context.
Sanitation and Hygiene Practices in Small Towns in Tanzania: The Case of Babati District, Manyara Region
(The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2020-08-17) Mshida, Hoyce; Malima, Gabriel; Machunda, Revocatus; Mzuka, Alfred; Banzi, Joseph; Gautam, Om; Mbeguere, Mbaye; Smith, Kyla; Cairncross, Sandy; Shana, Edward; Herman, Amadeus; Njau, Karoli
Formative research findings from the fast-growing Babati town were used to assess the prevalence of sanitation and hygiene practices among individuals and institutions and associated factors. A cross-sectional study involving household surveys, spot-checks, focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and structured observations of behaviors showed that 90% of households have sanitation facilities, but 68% have safely managed sanitation services. The most common types of household sanitation facilities were pit latrines with slab (42%) followed by flush/pour flush toilets (32%). Therefore, the management of wastewater depends entirely on onsite sanitation systems. The majority of households (70%) do not practice proper hygiene behaviors. Thirteen percent of the households had handwashing stations with soap and water, handwashing practice being more common to women (38%) than men (18%). The reported handwashing practices during the four critical moments (handwashing with soap before eating and feeding, after defecation, after cleaning child’s bottom, and after touching any dirt/dust) differed from the actual/observed practices. Households connected to the town’s piped water supply were more likely to practice handwashing than those not directly connected. Sanitation and hygiene behaviors of the people in the study area were seen to be influenced by sociodemographic, cultural, and economic factors. The conditions of sanitation and hygiene facilities in public places were unsatisfactory. There is an urgent need to ensure that the sanitation and hygiene services and behaviors along the value chain (from waste production/source to disposal/end point) are improved both at the household level and in public places through improved sanitation services and the promotion of effective hygiene behavior change programs integrated into ongoing government programs and planning.
Stumbling blocks for solar social enterprises: Unveiling the barriers facing enterprises serving the base of the pyramid solar market in Tanzania
(Elsevier, 2025-01-01) Malima, Gabriel; Makundi, Hezron; Sheikheldin, Gussai
Despite the initially favourable environment for solar PV investments, the relevant literature increasingly emphasizes the emerging barriers that threaten the growth and sustainability of solar PV enterprises. This has led scholars to examine challenges in East Africa's solar energy subsector, with a focus on the evolving institutional environment. However, we discovered that, within the ongoing discourse surrounding this sector, relatively limited scholarly attention has been given to solar energy service social enterprises (SEs). In response to this gap, we have conducted a specific study to explore the barriers facing the performance of solar energy service SEs in Tanzania. Drawing on institutional theory, we unveil the formative, normative and cognitive factors that influence the performance of SEs. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with ten solar SEs in Tanzania, supplemented by a review of the literature. The study revealed that regulatory barriers such as an unfavourable policy environment, grid arrival regulations, uncertainties over tariff policies, the prevalence of counterfeit products and limited access to finance and capital, as well as normative constraints such as limited partnerships and networking, are key barriers to operating at the base of the pyramid (BoP). The study underscores the need for collaborative efforts between the government, investors and SEs to create an enabling environment to continue serving the BoP market.
What influences individuals to invest in improved sanitation services and hygiene behaviours in a small town? A formative research study in Babati, Tanzania
(PLOS ONE, 2022-07-21) Malima, Gabriel; Mshida, Hoyce; Machunda, Revocatus; Moyo, Francis; Banzi, Joseph; Gautam, Om; Mbeguere, Mbaye; Smith, Kyla; Cairncross, Sandy; Njau, Karoli
Sub-Sahara African countries face immense challenges in ensuring adequate sanitation and hygiene behaviours to the rapidly growing populations. Attempts to address these challenges require empirical evidence to inform policy and planning. We contribute toward that goal by unveiling findings of formative research conducted in Babati, a rapidly growing town in Tanzania. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 486 households, to unwind motives and barriers for individuals to invest in improved sanitation services and hygiene behaviour change. We used several methods including household survey, focus group discussions, behaviour observations and spot checks. The findings revealed that households derive their motivation to invest in improved sanitation and hygiene practices from comfort, raising social status, and the need for personal safety and privacy. Other motives include fear of penalties and fines and fear of disease outbreaks, whilst the barriers include, limited water availability and accessibility, environmental factors, property rights, cultural issues, financial constraints, and a person’s attitude. Quantitative data were subjected to multivariate analysis to identify determinants of households to invest in sanitation and hygiene practices. The logistic regression analyses revealed that sources of water, property rights, and education level were the main determinants of households to invest in sanitation and hygiene facilities, while household income was the main determinant for households to invest in both construction of handwashing facility and water treatment. We argue that the initiative to promote sanitation and hygiene behaviour change in small towns should focus on promoting motivation factors and abating the determinant factors identified in this study.
What influences individuals to invest in improved sanitation services and hygiene behaviours in a small town? A formative research study in Babati, Tanzania
(Public Library of Science, 2022-07-21) Malima, Gabriel; Mshida, Hoyce; Machunda, Revocatus; Moyo, Francis; Banz, Joseph; Gautam, Om; Mbeguere, Mbaye; Smith, Kyla; Cairncross, Sandy; Njau, Karoli
Sub-Sahara African countries face immense challenges in ensuring adequate sanitation and hygiene behaviours to the rapidly growing populations. Attempts to address these challenges require empirical evidence to inform policy and planning. We contribute toward that goal by unveiling findings of formative research conducted in Babati, a rapidly growing town in Tanzania. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 486 households, to unwind motives and barriers for individuals to invest in improved sanitation services and hygiene behaviour change. We used several methods including household survey, focus group discussions, behaviour observations and spot checks. The findings revealed that households derive their motivation to invest in improved sanitation and hygiene practices from comfort, raising social status, and the need for personal safety and privacy. Other motives include fear of penalties and fines and fear of disease outbreaks, whilst the barriers include, limited water availability and accessibility, environmental factors, property rights, cultural issues, financial constraints, and a person’s attitude. Quantitative data were subjected to multivariate analysis to identify determinants of households to invest in sanitation and hygiene practices. The logistic regression analyses revealed that sources of water, property rights, and education level were the main determinants of households to invest in sanitation and hygiene facilities, while household income was the main determinant for households to invest in both construction of handwashing facility and water treatment. We argue that the initiative to promote sanitation and hygiene behaviour change in small towns should focus on promoting motivation factors and abating the determinant factors identified in this study.
What influences individuals to invest in improved sanitation services and hygiene behaviours in a small town? A formative research study in Babati, Tanzania
(PLOS ONE, 2022-07-21) Malima, Gabriel; Mshida, Hoyce; Machunda, Revocatus; Moyo, Francis; Banzi, Joseph; Gautam, Om; Mbeguere, Mbaye; Smith, Kyla; Cairncross, Sandy; Njau, Karoli
Sub-Sahara African countries face immense challenges in ensuring adequate sanitation and hygiene behaviours to the rapidly growing populations. Attempts to address these challenges require empirical evidence to inform policy and planning. We contribute toward that goal by unveiling findings of formative research conducted in Babati, a rapidly growing town in Tanzania. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 486 households, to unwind motives and barriers for individuals to invest in improved sanitation services and hygiene behaviour change. We used several methods including household survey, focus group discussions, behaviour observations and spot checks. The findings revealed that households derive their motivation to invest in improved sanitation and hygiene practices from comfort, raising social status, and the need for personal safety and privacy. Other motives include fear of penalties and fines and fear of disease outbreaks, whilst the barriers include, limited water availability and accessibility, environmental factors, property rights, cultural issues, financial constraints, and a person’s attitude. Quantitative data were subjected to multivariate analysis to identify determinants of households to invest in sanitation and hygiene practices. The logistic regression analyses revealed that sources of water, property rights, and education level were the main determinants of households to invest in sanitation and hygiene facilities, while household income was the main determinant for households to invest in both construction of handwashing facility and water treatment. We argue that the initiative to promote sanitation and hygiene behaviour change in small towns should focus on promoting motivation factors and abating the determinant factors identified in this study.
What influences individuals to invest in improved sanitation services and hygiene behaviours in a small town? A formative research study in Babati, Tanzania
(PLOS ONE, 2022-07-21) Malima, Gabriel; Mshida, Hoyce; Machunda, Revocatus; Moyo, Francis; Banzi, Joseph; Gautam, Om; Mbeguere, Mbaye; Smith, Kyla; Cairncross, Sandy; Njau, Karoli
Sub-Sahara African countries face immense challenges in ensuring adequate sanitation and hygiene behaviours to the rapidly growing populations. Attempts to address these challenges require empirical evidence to inform policy and planning. We contribute toward that goal by unveiling findings of formative research conducted in Babati, a rapidly growing town in Tanzania. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 486 households, to unwind motives and barriers for individuals to invest in improved sanitation services and hygiene behaviour change. We used several methods including household survey, focus group discussions, behaviour observations and spot checks. The findings revealed that households derive their motivation to invest in improved sanitation and hygiene practices from comfort, raising social status, and the need for personal safety and privacy. Other motives include fear of penalties and fines and fear of disease outbreaks, whilst the barriers include, limited water availability and accessibility, environmental factors, property rights, cultural issues, financial constraints, and a person’s attitude. Quantitative data were subjected to multivariate analysis to identify determinants of households to invest in sanitation and hygiene practices. The logistic regression analyses revealed that sources of water, property rights, and education level were the main determinants of households to invest in sanitation and hygiene facilities, while household income was the main determinant for households to invest in both construction of handwashing facility and water treatment. We argue that the initiative to promote sanitation and hygiene behaviour change in small towns should focus on promoting motivation factors and abating the determinant factors identified in this study.
What influences individuals to invest in improved sanitation services and hygiene behaviours in a small town? A formative research study in Babati, Tanzania
(Public Library of Science, 2022-07-21) Malima, Gabriel; Mshida, Hoyce; Machunda, Revocatus; Moyo, Francis; Banzi, Joseph; Gautam, Om; Mbeguere, Mbaye; Smith, Kyla; Cairncross, Sandy; Njau, Karoli
Sub-Sahara African countries face immense challenges in ensuring adequate sanitation and hygiene behaviours to the rapidly growing populations. Attempts to address these chal lenges require empirical evidence to inform policy and planning. We contribute toward that goal by unveiling findings of formative research conducted in Babati, a rapidly growing town in Tanzania. We conducted a cross-sectional study involving 486 households, to unwind motives and barriers for individuals to invest in improved sanitation services and hygiene behaviour change. We used several methods including household survey, focus group dis cussions, behaviour observations and spot checks. The findings revealed that households derive their motivation to invest in improved sanitation and hygiene practices from comfort, raising social status, and the need for personal safety and privacy. Other motives include fear of penalties and fines and fear of disease outbreaks, whilst the barriers include, limited water availability and accessibility, environmental factors, property rights, cultural issues, financial constraints, and a person’s attitude. Quantitative data were subjected to multivari ate analysis to identify determinants of households to invest in sanitation and hygiene prac tices. The logistic regression analyses revealed that sources of water, property rights, and education level were the main determinants of households to invest in sanitation and hygiene facilities, while household income was the main determinant for households to invest in both construction of handwashing facility and water treatment. We argue that the initiative to promote sanitation and hygiene behaviour change in small towns should focus on promoting motivation factors and abating the determinant factors identified in this study.