Browsing by Author "Karungamye, Petro"

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Application of a constructed wetland for the removal of antibiotic residue, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and antibiotic-resistance genes from pharmaceutically contaminated wastewater
(NM-AIST, 2024-06) Karungamye, Petro
The significant increases in abundance of pharmaceuticals, antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment have drawn attention over public health. The presence of these contaminants in wastewaters is well-documented as a factor contributing to the decreased potency of antibiotics used in healthcare. These types of contaminants can be removed from wastewater using a number of techniques, including phytoremediation, which has demonstrated effectiveness. The removal of these contaminants by various aquatic plants has been explored, and the results are promising. The aim of this research was first, to analyze antibiotic resistance patterns of bacteria isolated from hospital wastewater effluent, which is a consequence of antibiotics occurrence in wastewater. Second, to investigate the removal of some selected antibiotics from synthetic wastewater in constructed wetland (CW) planted with Cyperus alternifolius, Canna indica, and one planted with both of these plant species, as well as the influence of antibiotics on microbial density and community in CW. Hospital wastewater samples were collected from the Benjamin Mkapa Hospital in Dodoma, Tanzania, where the hospital's wastewater is treated in a horizontal subsurface flow CW planted with Typha latifolia before being discharged into the environment. The results of hospital wastewater analysis showed that bacteria isolated from treated hospital wastewater were resistant to tested antibiotics and harbored antibiotics resistance genes. These findings demonstrate that CW can disseminate ARB and ARGs despite hospital wastewater treatment, which poses a risk to the public's health. In the pilot CW, the system planted with a single plant species (Cyperus alternifolius) outperformed those planted with mixed plant species or Canna indica alone in the removal of tested antibiotics from wastewater. This is supported by the observation of higher bacteria abundance in CW with Cyperus altenifolius than Canna indica, while the difference was not significant (p > 0.05). The findings of this investigation revealed that although there is a general decline in bacteria abundance, there is no significant change (p > 0.05) due to antibiotic presence in wastewater. It is concluded that, despite variations in performance, the plants studied play a significant role in pharmaceuticals remediation from wastewater
The pharmaceutical disposal practices and environmental contamination: A review in East African countries
(Elsevier, 2022-11-24) Karungamye, Petro; Rugaika, Anita; Mtei, Kelvin; Machunda, Revocatus
The aim of this review was to analyze the available information on methods used in disposing of unused or expired pharmaceuticals in East African countries and the possibility of environmental contamination. There are some concerns about how pharmaceutical wastes are disposed of and, because of their risks, it is a critical matter to examine. Improper pharmaceutical disposal is common in many countries, from home to hospitals. The review shows that, despite the presence of regulations and rules in developed and developing countries, this practice is still growing. Apart from the ecological effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment, antibiotic resistance is more likely where germs such as bacteria and fungi develop resistance to the drugs designed to kill them. One of significant source of pharmaceuticals into the environment is improper disposal. This review shows that improper pharmaceutical handling and disposal is a challenge in all East African countries. This poses a risk of environmental contamination, human health and developing antibiotic resistance. There is a need for more awareness enhancing, policy review and enforcement of laws to protect both human and environmental health.
Physicochemical and microbiological characterization and of hospital wastewater in Tanzania
(Elseiver, 2023-08-25) Karungamye, Petro; Rugaika, Anita; Mtei, Kelvin; Machunda, Revocatus
Given the complex composition of hospital wastewater and the high risk of initiating disease outbreaks, comprehensive monitoring and treatment of hospital wastewater are required to prevent social and environmental consequences. This study investigated the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of wastewater from the Benjamin Mkapa Hospital in Dodoma Tanzania. The wastewater from this hospital is treated in a horizontal flow Constructed Wetland (CW) planted with Typha latifolia before being discharged into the environments. Wastewater samples were collected at the CW inlet and outlet from 02nd May 2022 to 25th July 2022. The results shows that the effluent discharged had pH 7.48 ± 0.63, electrical conductivity 2441 ± 623 µS/cm, Total dissolved solids 1305.5 ± 396 mg/L, Total suspended solids 49.17 ± 53.11 mg/L, Turbidity 9.1 ± 14.83 NTU, COD 170.4 ± 40.6 mg/L, BOD5 74.8 ± 33.5 mg/L, NO3-N 45.4 ± 39.97 mg/L and PO4-P 4.52 ± 2.30 mg/L. The CW removed TSS by 82% and turbidity 94%. COD, BOD and NO3-N were removed by 48%, 47% and 58% respectively. E. coli concentration in effluent samples ranged from 1.1 × 101 CFU/mL to 1.1 × 102 CFU/mL with an average of 1.77logCFU/mL. Average BOD5/COD ratio was 0.5 and 0.4 for influent and effluent respectively. The effluent contained higher levels of EC, TDS, and PO4-P than the influent. According to the findings of this study, most of the parameters of wastewater effluent discharged wasn't within the effluent discharge standards.
Physicochemical and microbiological characterization and of hospital wastewater in Tanzania
(Elsevier, 2023-08-25) Karungamye, Petro; Rugaika, Anita; Mtei, Kelvin; Machunda, Revocatus
Given the complex composition of hospital wastewater and the high risk of initiating disease outbreaks, comprehensive monitoring and treatment of hospital wastewater are required to prevent social and environmental consequences. This study investigated the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of wastewater from the Benjamin Mkapa Hospital in Dodoma Tanzania. The wastewater from this hospital is treated in a horizontal flow Constructed Wetland (CW) planted with Typha latifolia before being discharged into the environments. Wastewater samples were collected at the CW inlet and outlet from 02nd May 2022 to 25th July 2022. The results shows that the effluent discharged had pH 7.48 ± 0.63, electrical conductivity 2441 ± 623 µS/cm, Total dissolved solids 1305.5 ± 396 mg/L, Total suspended solids 49.17 ± 53.11 mg/L, Turbidity 9.1 ± 14.83 NTU, COD 170.4 ± 40.6 mg/L, BOD5 74.8 ± 33.5 mg/L, NO3-N 45.4 ± 39.97 mg/L and PO4-P 4.52 ± 2.30 mg/L. The CW removed TSS by 82% and turbidity 94%. COD, BOD and NO3-N were removed by 48%, 47% and 58% respectively. E. coli concentration in effluent samples ranged from 1.1 × 101 CFU/mL to 1.1 × 102 CFU/mL with an average of 1.77logCFU/mL. Average BOD5/COD ratio was 0.5 and 0.4 for influent and effluent respectively. The effluent contained higher levels of EC, TDS, and PO4-P than the influent. According to the findings of this study, most of the parameters of wastewater effluent discharged wasn't within the effluent discharge standards.
Physicochemical and microbiological characterization and of hospital wastewater in Tanzania
(Elsevier, 2023-08-24) Karungamye, Petro; Rugaika, Anita; Mtei, Kelvin; Machunda, Revocatus
Given the complex composition of hospital wastewater and the high risk of initiating disease outbreaks, comprehensive monitoring and treatment of hospital wastewater are required to prevent social and environ- mental consequences. This study investigated the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of wastewater from the Benjamin Mkapa Hospital in Dodoma Tanzania. The wastewater from this hospital is treated in a horizontal flow Constructed Wetland (CW) planted with Typha latifolia before being discharged into the environments. Wastewater samples were collected at the CW inlet and outlet from 02nd May 2022 to 25th July 2022. The results shows that the effluent discharged had pH 7.48 ± 0.63, electrical conductivity 2441 ± 623 μS/ cm, Total dissolved solids 1305.5 ± 396 mg/L, Total suspended solids 49.17 ± 53.11 mg/L, Turbidity 9.1 ± 14.83 NTU, COD 170.4 ± 40.6 mg/L, BOD5 74.8 ± 33.5 mg/L, NO3-N 45.4 ± 39.97 mg/L and PO4-P 4.52 ± 2.30 mg/L. The CW removed TSS by 82% and turbidity 94%. COD, BOD and NO3-N were removed by 48%, 47% and 58% respectively. E. coli concentration in effluent samples ranged from 1.1 × 101 CFU/mL to 1.1 × 102 CFU/ mL with an average of 1.77logCFU/mL. Average BOD5/COD ratio was 0.5 and 0.4 for influent and effluent respectively. The effluent contained higher levels of EC, TDS, and PO4-P than the influent. According to the findings of this study, most of the parameters of wastewater effluent discharged wasn’t Given the complex composition of hospital wastewater and the high risk of initiating disease outbreaks, comprehensive monitoring and treatment of hospital wastewater are required to prevent social and environ- mental consequences. This study investigated the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of wastewater from the Benjamin Mkapa Hospital in Dodoma Tanzania. The wastewater from this hospital is treated in a horizontal flow Constructed Wetland (CW) planted with Typha latifolia before being discharged into the environments. Wastewater samples were collected at the CW inlet and outlet from 02nd May 2022 to 25th July 2022. The results shows that the effluent discharged had pH 7.48 ± 0.63, electrical conductivity 2441 ± 623 μS/ cm, Total dissolved solids 1305.5 ± 396 mg/L, Total suspended solids 49.17 ± 53.11 mg/L, Turbidity 9.1 ± 14.83 NTU, COD 170.4 ± 40.6 mg/L, BOD5 74.8 ± 33.5 mg/L, NO3-N 45.4 ± 39.97 mg/L and PO4-P 4.52 ± 2.30 mg/L. The CW removed TSS by 82% and turbidity 94%. COD, BOD and NO3-N were removed by 48%, 47% and 58% respectively. E. coli concentration in effluent samples ranged from 1.1 × 101 CFU/mL to 1.1 × 102 CFU/ mL with an average of 1.77logCFU/mL. Average BOD5/COD ratio was 0.5 and 0.4 for influent and effluent respectively. The effluent contained higher levels of EC, TDS, and PO4-P than the influent. According to the findings of this study, most of the parameters of wastewater effluent discharged wasn’t Given the complex composition of hospital wastewater and the high risk of initiating disease outbreaks, comprehensive monitoring and treatment of hospital wastewater are required to prevent social and environ- mental consequences. This study investigated the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of wastewater from the Benjamin Mkapa Hospital in Dodoma Tanzania. The wastewater from this hospital is treated in a horizontal flow Constructed Wetland (CW) planted with Typha latifolia before being discharged into the environments. Wastewater samples were collected at the CW inlet and outlet from 02nd May 2022 to 25th July 2022. The results shows that the effluent discharged had pH 7.48 ± 0.63, electrical conductivity 2441 ± 623 μS/ cm, Total dissolved solids 1305.5 ± 396 mg/L, Total suspended solids 49.17 ± 53.11 mg/L, Turbidity 9.1 ± 14.83 NTU, COD 170.4 ± 40.6 mg/L, BOD5 74.8 ± 33.5 mg/L, NO3-N 45.4 ± 39.97 mg/L and PO4-P 4.52 ± 2.30 mg/L. The CW removed TSS by 82% and turbidity 94%. COD, BOD and NO3-N were removed by 48%, 47% and 58% respectively. E. coli concentration in effluent samples ranged from 1.1 × 101 CFU/mL to 1.1 × 102 CFU/ mL with an average of 1.77logCFU/mL. Average BOD5/COD ratio was 0.5 and 0.4 for influent and effluent respectively. The effluent contained higher levels of EC, TDS, and PO4-P than the influent. According to the findings of this study, most of the parameters of wastewater effluent discharged wasn’t Given the complex composition of hospital wastewater and the high risk of initiating disease outbreaks, comprehensive monitoring and treatment of hospital wastewater are required to prevent social and environ- mental consequences. This study investigated the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of wastewater from the Benjamin Mkapa Hospital in Dodoma Tanzania. The wastewater from this hospital is treated in a horizontal flow Constructed Wetland (CW) planted with Typha latifolia before being discharged into the environments. Wastewater samples were collected at the CW inlet and outlet from 02nd May 2022 to 25th July 2022. The results shows that the effluent discharged had pH 7.48 ± 0.63, electrical conductivity 2441 ± 623 μS/ cm, Total dissolved solids 1305.5 ± 396 mg/L, Total suspended solids 49.17 ± 53.11 mg/L, Turbidity 9.1 ± 14.83 NTU, COD 170.4 ± 40.6 mg/L, BOD5 74.8 ± 33.5 mg/L, NO3-N 45.4 ± 39.97 mg/L and PO4-P 4.52 ± 2.30 mg/L. The CW removed TSS by 82% and turbidity 94%. COD, BOD and NO3-N were removed by 48%, 47% and 58% respectively. E. coli concentration in effluent samples ranged from 1.1 × 101 CFU/mL to 1.1 × 102 CFU/ mL with an average of 1.77logCFU/mL. Average BOD5/COD ratio was 0.5 and 0.4 for influent and effluent respectively. The effluent contained higher levels of EC, TDS, and PO4-P than the influent. According to the findings of this study, most of the parameters of wastewater effluent discharged wasn’t Given the complex composition of hospital wastewater and the high risk of initiating disease outbreaks, comprehensive monitoring and treatment of hospital wastewater are required to prevent social and environ- mental consequences. This study investigated the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of wastewater from the Benjamin Mkapa Hospital in Dodoma Tanzania. The wastewater from this hospital is treated in a horizontal flow Constructed Wetland (CW) planted with Typha latifolia before being discharged into the environments. Wastewater samples were collected at the CW inlet and outlet from 02nd May 2022 to 25th July 2022. The results shows that the effluent discharged had pH 7.48 ± 0.63, electrical conductivity 2441 ± 623 μS/ cm, Total dissolved solids 1305.5 ± 396 mg/L, Total suspended solids 49.17 ± 53.11 mg/L, Turbidity 9.1 ± 14.83 NTU, COD 170.4 ± 40.6 mg/L, BOD5 74.8 ± 33.5 mg/L, NO3-N 45.4 ± 39.97 mg/L and PO4-P 4.52 ± 2.30 mg/L. The CW removed TSS by 82% and turbidity 94%. COD, BOD and NO3-N were removed by 48%, 47% and 58% respectively. E. coli concentration in effluent samples ranged from 1.1 × 101 CFU/mL to 1.1 × 102 CFU/ mL with an average of 1.77logCFU/mL. Average BOD5/COD ratio was 0.5 and 0.4 for influent and effluent respectively. The effluent contained higher levels of EC, TDS, and PO4-P than the influent. According to the findings of this study, most of the parameters of wastewater effluent discharged wasn’t within the effluent discharge standards.
Potential of Canna indica in Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment: A Review
(MDPI, 2022-08-11) Karungamye, Petro
This article reviews investigations in which Canna indica was utilized in constructed wetlands (CW) for wastewater treatment of a variety types. It is strongly urged that ornamental flowering plants be used in CWs as monoculture or mixed species to improve the appearance of CWs whilst still treating wastewater. Plants play important roles in CWs by giving the conditions for physical filtration of wastewater, a large specific surface area for microbial growth, and a source of carbohydrates for bacteria. They absorb nutrients and integrate them into plant tissues. They release oxygen into the substrate, establishing a zone in which aerobic microorganisms can thrive and chemical oxidation can occur. They also provide wildlife habitat and make wastewater treatment system more visually attractive. The selection of plant species for CW is an important aspect during the CW design process. Canna indica’s effectiveness in CWs has shown encouraging results for eliminating contaminants from wastewater. There is still a scarcity of information on the mechanisms involved in removal of specific contaminants such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, hormones, pesticides and steroids and their potential toxicity to the plants. Therefore, this paper reviews some published information about the performance of Canna indica in wastewater treatment, as well as potential areas for future research.
Removal of arsenic in a sand filter coupled with zero valent iron
(Elsevier, 2023-06-22) Edward, Daniel; Karungamye, Petro; Nelson, Grite; Selemani, Juma; Njau, Karoli
Arsenic (As) in wastewater has negative effects on the environment and human health, hence As containing wastes must be handled properly. Given the accessibility of metallic iron, studies investigating into the potential application of zerovalent iron in the removal of arsenic are promising. In this study, the performance of sand filter blended with several kinds of zero valent iron (Fe0), such as iron wool, iron fillings, and iron nails, were compared. These materials were combined in a sand filter column, and the efficiency was calculated using the As concentrations in the influent and effluent samples. Experiments were carried out in order to compare performance as a function of Fe0 dose and contact time. The outcome of this investigation showed that sand filter containing iron wool had a better removal efficiency of arsenic removal than iron filings and iron nails. The results in all columns showed that as dosage was increased, removal efficiency of arsenic increased significantly. In case of contact time the results revealed that arsenic can effectively be removed from water in the first 48 h. The early adsorption response is quick in all columns, but get slower as time goes on. The highest removal efficiency was 99.6% and the lowest removal efficiency was 82.7%.
The removal of ciprofloxacin from synthetic wastewater in constructed wetland
(Elsevier, 2023-04-08) Karungamye, Petro; Rugaika, Anita; Mtei, Kelvin; Machunda, Revocatus
Considering the health effects of antibiotics in the environment, effective monitoring and treatment technologies are needed to mitigate social and environmental impacts. The present study was carried out to investigate the efficiency of the constructed wetland (CW) on the removal of Ciprofloxacin (CIP) from aqueous samples. Experiments were conducted in pilot scale CWs planted with single plants of Cyperus alternifolius, Canna indica and one planted with both plant species. Analysis of CIP concentrations in the influent and effluent samples was done using Cary 60 UV–Vis spectrophotometer, while physical-chemical parameters were monitored for the influent and effluent samples. The removal efficiency of physico-chemical parameters was ˃70% for Nitrate, ˃60% for Phosphate, ˃70% for BOD and ˃77% for COD. The maximum removal of CIP (77.1%) was observed in CW planted with Cyperus alternifolius during a 7 days hydraulic retention time (HRT). The results of this study show superior performance of Cyperus alternifolius than Canna indica. There was no significance difference (p > 0.05) produced by mixing the two plants in a CW. However, mixing of plants especially ornamental plants in CWs brings good visual impression of the systems while treating the wastewater. This study demonstrate that CW can remove antibiotics from wastewater. The best performance depends on best selection and best combination of the plants.
A Review of Methods for Removal of Ceftriaxone from Wastewater
(MDPI, 2022-08-02) Karungamye, Petro; Rugaika, Anita; Mtei, Kelvin; Machunda, Revocatus
The presence of pharmaceuticals in surface water and wastewater poses a threat to public health and has significant effects on the ecosystem. Since most wastewater treatment plants are ineffective at removing molecules efficiently, some pharmaceuticals enter aquatic ecosystems, thus creating issues such as antibiotic resistance and toxicity. This review summarizes the methods used for the removal of ceftriaxone antibiotics from aquatic environments. Ceftriaxone is one of the most commonly prescribed antibiotics in many countries, including Tanzania. Ceftriaxone has been reported to be less or not degraded in traditional wastewater treatment of domestic sewage. This has piqued the interest of researchers in the monitoring and removal of ceftriaxone from wastewater. Its removal from aqueous systems has been studied using a variety of methods which include physical, biological, and chemical processes. As a result, information about ceftriaxone has been gathered from many sources with the searched themes being ceftriaxone in wastewater, ceftriaxone analysis, and ceftriaxone removal or degradation. The methods studied have been highlighted and the opportunities for future research have been described.