Computational and Communication Science Engineering [ CoCSE]

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Agent-based simulation of seasonal malaria chemoprevention strategy in Southern Tanzania: comparing dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine with or without primaquine
(Springer Nature, 0026-02-13) Mfala, Celina; Nyambo, Devotha; Mwaiswelo, Richard; Tchuenche, Jean; Clemen, Thomas
Background The effect of seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) strategy on malaria transmission using a single low dose of primaquine (SLDPQ) added to artemisinin-based combination therapy has not been established in Africa. An agent-based model and simulation (ABMS) was used to assess SMC effectiveness using dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) with and without SLDPQ in Masasi and Nanyumbu Districts, Tanzania. Methods ABMS was developed in AnyLogic platform using secondary data from a cluster-randomized DP-based SMC study conducted in the districts, to assess the effectiveness of DP with and without SLDPQ for control of malaria in under-five children. The model incorporated human, mosquito, transmission, intervention, and environment sub-models, and simulated three monthly rounds of SMC over a 180-day period. Environment temperature, an important factor in mosquito breeding was simulated in three scenarios, first using average field temperature, and then when it was increased or decreased by 10C from the average. Model outputs were compared with field results to evaluate external validity. Results Overall, 2275 participants, 1135 in the intervention and 1140 in the control arm were involved in the model. At baseline, malaria prevalence was 11.5% (130/1135) and 16.3% (186/1140) in the intervention and control arm, respectively. At the end of 125-day simulation period malaria prevalence declined to 4.1% (47/1135), and it rebounded to 7.1% (80/1135) at the end of 180-day simulation period after three rounds of DP alone administration. Addition of SLDPQ to DP led to a further declined of the prevalence to 1.4% (16/1135) and 3.9% (44/1135) at the end of 125-day and 180-day, respectively. In the DP alone, the increase in average temperature by 1˚C further decreased malaria prevalence to 2.6% (30/1135) and 5.0% (57/1135) at the end of 125-day and 180-day, respectively, whereas the decrease of temperature by 1 ˚C decreased the malaria prevalence to 3.2% (36/1135) and 4.2% (48/1135) at the end of 125-day and 180-day, respectively. Conclusions The ABMS has demonstrated that addition of SLDPQ to DP reduced malaria transmission significantly regardless of the increase or decrease of the average temperature by 1 ˚C. SLDPQ can be added to DP-SMC and scaled-out for the control of malaria in Tanzania.
Sensitivity analysis and uncertainty quantification of climate change effects on Tanzanian banana crop yield
(Elsevier B. V., 205-01-09) Patrick, Sabas; Mirau, Silas; Mbalawata, Isambi; Leo, Judith
Concerns about the impact of climate change on agricultural systems have heightened, particularly in regions where crop cultivation is essential for economic stability and sustenance. This research addresses a critical gap in understanding by investigating how climate change influences Tanzania’s bananas, a vital component of the country’s agricultural sector. The study used a multiple regression model to analyze the correlation between bananas and key climate variables in Tanzania, the results showed gradual decrease in bananas. Specifically, the climate variables, including precipitation (𝑋1), soil moisture (𝑋2), minimum temperature (𝑋3), maximum temperature (𝑋4), and relative humidity (𝑋5) have coefficients 0.0206, −0.0085,4.8328, −1.6594, and −0.0991, respectively. In this case, a large positive coefficient and a negligible negative coefficient show that the independent variable greatly influences the yield of the bananas. Additionally, the study utilize two powerful global sensitivity analysis methods, Sobol’ Sensitivity Indices and Response Surface Methodology, to comprehensively explore the sensitivity of bananas to climate variables. So, these methods revealed that minimum temperature, precipitation and soil moisture have the most impact on bananas and affect the crop’s production variability. Uncertainty quantification was performed using Monte Carlo simulation, estimating uncertainties in model parameters to enhance the reliability of the findings. This research not only contributes to our broader understanding of how climate change impacts bananas but also offers practical policy suggestions tailored to Tanzania’s unique context, ensuring resilience and sustainability in the face of environmental changes. The outcomes of this study carry significance for policymakers, stakeholders, and farmers, providing actionable insights to shape adaptive agricultural strategies. By bridging the gap between climate change and bananas
Speeding up of GA optimization process for patch antenna design
(IET Digital Library, 2007) Michael, Kisangiri; Kucharski, Andrzej
The use of genetic algorithm (GA) integrated with method of moments (MoM), for the optimization design in electromagnetic engineering has gained much popularity in recent days [3]. Two of the main problems faced by designers during the optimization process are high computation time of the MoM analysis and limits to its searching capability. In this paper, the detailed discussion of some associated problems, as well proposed remedies will be presented
Genetic Algorithm Optimization for Broadband Patch Antenna Design
(IEEE, 2007-10-15) Michael, Kisangiri; Kucharski, Andrzej A.
A genetic algorithm (GA) optimization design of patch antenna has been performed using surface integral equation (SIE), method-of-moments (MoM) solution. The electromagnetic engine procedure is based on the Matlab code by Makarov and the idea of GA used is based on the book by Randy L. Haupt. The main aim of the paper is to use GA in finding the proper antenna configuration (parameters) and optimizing its performance in a given frequency range. Sample results are presented, which show the effectiveness of the approach.
GA/MoM optimization of PIFA antennas with meandering slits
(IET Digital Library, 2007-11-16) Michael, K.; Kucharski, A. A.
The optimization of a mobile antenna by genetic algorithm (GA) can be done in many ways, e.g. by random removal of rectangles on the patch radiator, movement of shorting patches, etc. In this paper we will demonstrate the optimization of planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) for multiband and broadband operation by random removal of slits on the patch radiator to form a meandering PIFA antenna. Optimization technique is based on the combination of GA and method of moments (MoM), in which MoM is based on RWG (Rao-Wilston-Glisson) edge elements. GA manipulates slits on the patch radiator in order to obtain a specific frequency response. Recalculation of the MoM interaction matrix for each individual in the GA is avoided by application of DMM (direct matrix manipulation)[3].
Optimization of Multiple-Short PIFA for Broadband Communication
(IEEE, 2007-12-26) Michael, Kisangiri; Kucharski, Andrzej A.
As wireless systems gain wider acceptance and enjoy increased application, performance and cost constraints on the wireless system antennas become more difficult to meet. In this context, antennas that are small in size, inexpensive to manufacture, conformal or are low-profile and that exhibit broadband or dual-band operation are of particular interest. In this paper we apply an optimization technique for multi-short PIFA antennas based on combining a genetic algorithm (GA) and method of moments (MoM) technique. The GA optimizes the position of shorting patches in antenna model together with the shape of the radiator itself, in order to obtain a specific frequency response. Recalculation of the MoM interaction matrix for each individual in the GA is avoided by application of DMM (direct matrix manipulation).
Genetic algorithm optimization for multiband patch antenna design
(IEEE, 2008-08-01) Michael, Kisangiri; Kucharski, Andrzej A.
A combined method of moment (MoM)/genetic algorithm (GA) numerical procedure for achieving mulitband-frequency characteristics in patch antenna design is demonstrated in this paper. Method of moment (MoM) solution used in simulation relies on RWG (Rao-Wilton-Glisson) edge element. MoM application analyses rectangular patches fed by a coaxial probe and suspended over a ground plane. GA optimization manipulates the impedance matrix of a mother structure in order to detect the optimal patch shape matching the required multiband properties.
Enhanced security model for mobile banking systems in Tanzania
(IJTEEE, 2013) Nyamtiga, Baraka; Sam, Anael; Laizer, Loserian
In mobile banking schemes; financial services are availed and banking services are provided using mobile devices. GSM services are greatly utilized for data transmission by the technologies used in conducting mobile transactions. In their operations; these technologies send data in plaintext. Financial service providers tend to rely on the security services provided by the GSM which has been proved to be susceptible to cryptanalytic attacks. The used algorithms for crypto mechanisms are flawed leaving data carried through the network vulnerable upon interception. Operators need to take precaution by enforcing some protective measures on the information to be transmitted. This paper describes an SMS based model designed with security features to enhance data protection across mobile networks. Features for data encryption, integrity, secure entry of security details on the phone, and improved security policies in the application server are incorporated. We address issues of data confidentiality, user authentication and message integrity in order to provide end-to-end security of data carried on GSM networks.
Security Perspectives for USSD versus SMS in conducting mobile transactions: A case study of Tanzania
(IJTEEE, 2013) Nyamtiga, Baraka; Sam, Anael; Laizer, Loserian
Performing transactions using mobile devices is increasing rapidly in developing countries, Tanzania inclusive. USSD and SMS are among the technologies widely used in conducting mobile transactions. These two technologies have their strengths and weaknesses from perspectives of security of systems. They both utilize GSM Services and GSM Security is known to have inherent flaws in its encryption and authentication algorithms. A description for these platforms is given in this paper of what they are, their modes of operations, and an evaluation of their security as related to mobile banking systems. From the evaluations made; this paper suggests a method that is more secure for use in mobile banking systems. As a solution we propose some security features being added to the existing systems in order to improve data confidentiality, message integrity and user authenticity. The suggestions are based on the capabilities for the technology to accommodate these additional features to protect data that will supplement the protection offered by the GSM
Bandwidth Aware FEC Algorithms for Wireless Communication Systems
(IISTE, 2013) Mrutu, Salehe; Kalolo, Sadath; Byanyuma, Mastidia; Nyakyi, Christina; Sam, Anael
Forward Error Correction (FEC) codes used by receivers to correct transmission errors without retransmission add a considerable amount of redundant bits to data bits. The addition of redundant bits lowers the overall network throughput, thus increasing the demand for more required bandwidth. In this paper we investigate and discuss various techniques used in FEC and show their effects to data communication in terms of bandwidth utilization. Additionally we propose improvement of (2, 1, 2) Convolutional encoder to (3, 2, 3) encoder. The proposed improvements increase the code rate from 1/2 to 2/3 hence reducing error control information and increasing bit rate. The received codeword can be decoded by Soft-Output Viterbi Algorithm
A Survey on Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) and Management in Vehicular Environment: The Case Study in Tanzania
(ResearchGate, 2013) Kayange, Daniel; Ochola, Elisha; Sam, Anael; Sinde, Ramadhani
This paper describes the survey approach to building a high-quality of dynamic Spectrum access (DSA) and management in vehicular environment networks in Tanzania as one of the ways of mitigating the shortage of access. Frequency spectrum is a limited resource for wireless communications and may become congested owing to a need to accommodate the diverse types of air interface used in wireless networks. The objective of this paper is to meet these growing demands by provide a brief overview of the cognitive radio technology. The paper explains the existing work and challenges in spectrum sensing. It describes the next network functionalities: spectrum management, spectrum mobility and spectrum sharing and further explains how next network functions can be implemented.
Fuel Adulteration in Tanzania and its Consequencies: An Overview
(Rjeas, 2013) Massawe, Erick; Kilavo, Hassan; Sam, Anael
Adulteration of petrol and diesel fuel with kerosene is very common in Tanzania. It increases the tailpipe emissions of harmful pollutants from vehicles. These leads to this study, which tends to show the rate of emission of CO (carbon II oxide) and PM (Particulate matters) from engines when they are run on adulterated fuel. Petroleum products are essential inputs needed in economic activities, hence a necessity for the economy of any Country. Adulteration of petroleum products especially petrol (motor gasoline) and diesel (high speed diesel (HSD)), has become a serious problem. Expensive consumer products are often adulterated by integrating with cheaper low quality materials having similar physical and chemical properties. Kerosene is the most important domestic fuel for economically weaker sections of society and hence is heavily subsidized. The large differences in the prices of petrol, diesel and kerosene, the easy availability of kerosene and the fact that it is miscible in petrol and diesel, make the unhealthy and unethical practice of adulteration of petrol and diesel a very plausible proposition. Effects of adulteration on the environment and on human health were discussed and possible solutions to combat adulteration of fuel were highlighted.
Available Bandwidth Estimation Techniques (ABETS) For An Efficient Telemedicine Content Transport Network
(IJERT, 2013-07) Kayange, Daniel; Sinde, Ramadhani; Sam, Anael
The ability to measure end-to-end Available Bandwidth (unused capacity) in the network path is useful for route selection in overlay networks, QoS verification, network management, traffic engineering and real-time resource provisioning, control flow and congestion, construction of overlay - routing infrastructure, topology building in peer to peer networks, and call admission control, dynamic encoding rate modification in streaming applications, capacity planning, intelligent routing systems, and design of transport layer protocols. This paper investigates at applying techniques and measurement of Available Bandwidth (AB) in the congestion control for the transmission of an efficient telemedicine content transport network by using an important ABETs tool like Pathload, IGI, and Pathchirp. This paper discusses measurement and simulation results of wired and wireless networks for the unused capacity in the network. The results can assist an organization or country in estimating the network bandwidth requirements depending on the ability of exchange multimedia data of an organization or country. The logistics could cater implementation of low cost telemedicine applications. The telemedicine systems could include wireless and wired medical interface and communication infrastructure. A simulation has been done to investigate the network quality of service.
Towards the development of mobile learning model for Tanzania secondary schools: Case study Kilimanjaro region
(IEEE, 2013-07-13) Chambo, Fidea; Laizer, Loserian; Nkansah-Gyekye, Yaw; Ndume, Vitalis
This paper explores the factors that influence the implementation of m-learning and proposes a model for implementing m-learning in Tanzania. The study was conducted in ten secondary schools in the Kilimanjaro region in Tanzania. Purposive and convenience sampling techniques were used to determine students majoring in science subjects. Findings indicate that majority of students own mobile phones and have access to the Internet connectivity. However, m-learning platforms that are currently in place are not viable solution in all contexts and not necessarily the best solution. Therefore, the design of m-learning content should focus on learning profile and personal needs such as location and affordability. A framework that considers four factors: user satisfaction, pedagogy, technology, and economy of use are proposed for Tanzanian context. It is concluded that education stakeholders should consider the opportunities of technology in education in order to boost knowledge sharing among students.
Overview applications of data mining in health care: The case study of Arusha region
(IJCER, 2013-08) Diwani, Salim; Mishol, Suzan; Kayange, Daniel; Machuve, Dina; Sam, Anael
Data mining as one of many constituents of health care has been used intensively and extensively in many organizations around the globe as an efficient technique of finding correlations or patterns among dozens of fields in large relational databases to results into more useful health information. In healthcare, data mining is becoming increasingly popular and essential. Data mining applications can greatly benefits all parties involved in health care industry. The huge amounts of data generated by healthcare transactions are too complex and voluminous to be processed and analyzed by traditional methods. Data mining provides the methodology and technology to transform huge amount of data into useful information for decision making. This paper explores data mining applications in healthcare in Arusha region of Tanzania more particularly; it discusses data mining and its applications in major areas such as evaluation of treatment effectiveness, management of healthcare itself and lowering medical costs
Deign of Low Cost Blood Pressure and Body Temperature interface
(International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering (IJESE), 2013-08) Mazima, Johevajile K.N; Michael, Kisangiri; Machuve, Dina
The objective of this work is to design a non-intrusive, accurate, and low cost biomedical sensor interface for processing blood pressure and body temperature vital signs. The work purposely deals with the signal conditioning of two vital signs: blood pressure, and body temperature. Blood pressure uses the methodology of Photoplethysmography to continuously monitor the systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Body temperature is dealt with a LM35 sensor. We design the signal conditioning interface based on the type of sensor such as pressure and temperature sensor. We simulate the circuits in proteus software to verify their accuracy. We also simulate the temperature simulated results in MATLAB to verify the linearity of the temperature against the output voltage. Therefore, the design will be useful for the patient monitoring systems which use microcontroller for interpretation before sending them to the doctor through mobile phone network assisted by GSM/GPRS modem.
Design of ECG Sensor Interface for Biosignal Extraction
(International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE), 2013-08) Mazima, Johevajile; Michael, Kisangiri; Machuve, Dina
The main objective of this paper is to propose the design of a sensor interface for gathering biosignal. This signal is acquired from the patient’s body by the ECG sensor. The interface includes the instrumentation amplifier, bandpass filter, notch filter and the gain amplifier for improving the weak signal captured from the human body. The interface designed is intended to be used in supporting remote monitoring devices for the patients living in areas with limited access to medical assistance or scarce clinical resources especially in rural areas. The patient monitoring systems are expected to use the GSM/GPRS network directly through GSM/GPRS modem instead of using additional devices like Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). Since, the network is currently available in remote area for access. The design is helpful to improve people’s quality of life, as well as to allow an improvement in the government attendance indices.
Pathload for available bandwidth esti-mation techniques (ABETs) for an efficient telemedicine content transport network
(ResearchGate, 2013-08) Kayange, Daniel; Sam, Anael; Sinde, Ramadhani
The ability to measure end-to-end Available Bandwidth (unused capacity) in the network path is useful for route selection in overlay networks, for QoS verification, network management and traffic engineering. This paper investigates at applying techniques and measurement of Available Bandwidth (AB) in the congestion control for the transmission of an efficient telemedicine content transport network by using an important ABETs tool such as Pathload. This paper discusses measurement and simulation results of wired and wireless networks for the unused capacity in the real telemedicine network path and normal network path. The results can assist an organization or country in estimating the network bandwidth requirements depending on the ability of exchange multimedia data of an organization or country. The logistics could cater implementation of low cost telemedicine applications. The telemedicine systems could include wireless and wired medical interface and communication infrastructure. A simulation has been done to investigate the network quality of service
Survey on Intelligent Transport System (ITS) application for vehicle speed limit monitoring and accident reporting: A case study of Tanzania
(International Journal of Engineering And Computer Science, 2013-08) Kusyama, Sadiki Lameck; Michael, Kisangiri; Machuve, Dina
Today’s transport system has evolved from horse driven carriages and paved roads to a more complex road transport system made up of a variety of vehicles and other infrastructure, all put in place in order to support safe and efficient mobility of vehicles. The next step to further improve the transportation system of today is to make the vehicles and roadside infrastructure more intelligent by making them communicates with each other. This new ability will help find new solutions to current problems like traffic congestion, vehicle accident, monitoring of adherence to traffic rules and alerting the responsible authorities of any traffic rule violation or accident for immediate management. Speed limit violation and inefficiency accident information dissemination in public road transport are recognized as one of the causes leading to traffic accidents and the failure of emergency Medical Services personnel to reach the victim during the socalled “Golden Hour” after the accident in Tanzania. This paper surveys the current system being used for speed management and Accident Reporting management in Tanzania. It also suggests recommendations for the implementation of systems that will effectively influence driving speeds and accident reporting management thereby significantly increase public transport safety.
Automatic vehicle over speed, accident alert and locator system for public transport (Buses) A case study of Tanzania
(International Journal Of Engineering And Computer Science, 2013-08) Kusyama, Sadiki Lameck; Michael, Kisangiri; Machuve, Dina
Over speed limit violation done by public transport (buses) is a common problem in most of major roads in Tanzania. This has been reported to be one of the traffic accident causes in Tanzania. Moreover road accidents in Tanzania have been incessant and to bar the loss of life due to accidents is more crucial. This research work proposed and implemented a prototype called Automatic Vehicle Over Speed Accident Alert and Locator System (AVOAALS). The system uses GPS and GSM network, especially GPRS function of the GSM network. The system monitors the speed and accident event of the bus. Once an event is detected, the system leads the current position of the bus using GPS. The event, bus registration number and position data are sent to the control database server as SMS via GPRS services of the GSM Network. The event, bus registration number and position data are then stored in the data base. SMS application software was developed using Microsoft visual studio package. Microsoft SQL saver was used for storing data because of its high performance query engine, tremendously fast data insert capability and strong support for specialized web functions. Using this SMS application software, end user was able to receive SMS on any standard mobile phone about event, position of the targeted object, date and time of event. The administrator at the control data base server was able to extract reports about accident and over speed offenders. This system is very much useful for monitoring speed limit violations, reckless driving, and minifying the accident occurrence as well as optimizing rescue operations. The system was implemented using Sunrom’s GPS receiver with active antenna, GSM modem SIM900D, PIC18F4520 Microcontroller, mobile phone handset Nokia 110 and laptop computer. Prototype was tested and worked perfectly notifying nearby police station, hospital and fire station whenever appropriate event occurred. This work extends the utilization of mobile communication coverage on major roads in Tanzania to enhance road safety.

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